Clinical and Molecular Hepatology

"Chansik An"

Original Articles

Integrative multi-omics profiling identifies infiltrative hepatocellular carcinoma as an immunotherapy-resistant subtype with distinct molecular features: Won Suk Lee, Seonjeong Woo, Sung Hwan Lee, Gae Hoon Jo, Ilhwan Kim, Hyeyeong Kim, Chansik An, Sanghoon Jung, Gwangil Kim, Haeyoun Kang, Beodeul Kang, Jung Sun Kim, Ho Yeong Lim, Incheon Kang, Hannah Yang, So Jung Kong, Dahyeon Son, Dong Jun Shin, Woo Young Kwon, Da-Yeon Lee, Ju-Seog Lee, Junho Park, Youngsoo Kim, Sohyun Hwang, Chan Kim, Hong Jae Chon; Clin Mol Hepatol 2026;32(1):258-275.
Published online October 27, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2025.0792

Background/Aims
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) exhibits substantial morphological and biological heterogeneity. Clinical and molecular relevance of the infiltrative subtype remains poorly defined in the context of cancer immunotherapy. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic impact and molecular features of infiltrative HCC in patients treated with first-line atezolizumab plus bevacizumab (Ate/Bev).
Methods
We included 307 patients with advanced HCC treated with Ate/Bev and classified them into four gross morphological types based on imaging. Multi-omics profiling was conducted on tumor samples. Type IV infiltrative signature was derived and externally validated using five independent HCC cohorts, including IMbrave150.
Results
Infiltrative morphology, encompassing pure and mixed forms, was present in 42.7% of advanced HCC and associated with advanced disease features and compromised liver function. Patients with type IV infiltrative HCC showed lowest objective response rate (14.6%) and worst progression-free (median, 2.8 months) and overall survival (median, 7.1 months). Infiltrative morphology remained an independent predictor of poor outcomes after multivariable adjustment for confounders, including intrahepatic tumor extent. Genomic profiling revealed enriched TP53 and ATM loss-of-function mutations in type IV infiltrative HCC. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses identified consistent activation of tumor proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, TGF-β signaling, and immunosuppressive pathways in type IV infiltrative HCC. Type IV infiltrative signature was significantly associated with poor survival across external datasets and retained independent prognostic value.
Conclusions
Infiltrative HCC is a clinically aggressive and molecularly distinct subtype of advanced HCC. Morphological classification and type IV infiltrative signatures may guide risk stratification and therapeutic decision-making in advanced HCC treated with immunotherapy.

Citations

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Response: Reassessing the Use of Nivolumab Plus Ipilimumab After Atezolizumab Plus Bevacizumab in Advanced HCC
Jung Sun Kim, Thomas Yau, Hong Jae Chon
Liver International.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Current and Emerging Immunotherapy Strategies in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Standard Treatments and Biomarkers
Yoonseok Lee
Journal of Digestive Cancer Research.2026; 14(1): 53. CrossRef
Functional Interpretation of Recurrent Genetic Variants in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Molecular Consequences and Clinical Relevance
Yuntao Ye, Zhulin Xu, Jiang Wang, Chunyu Chen, Yuan Peng, Bo Li, Shaoqiu Chen
Human Mutation.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Efficacy of Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma with and without High-Risk Features: An International Multicenter Study
Jung Sun Kim, San-Chi Chen, Jeffrey Sum Lung Wong, Beodeul Kang, Ho Yeong Lim, Ilhwan Kim, Hyeyeong Kim, Chansik An, Su Jin Jang, Masatoshi Kudo, David Tai, Chan Kim, Thomas Yau, Hong Jae Chon
Liver Cancer.2026; : 1. CrossRef
Prognostic Significance of Glypican-3 Expression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treated with Atezolizumab-Bevacizumab
Ji Hoon Kim, Ji Won Han, Hee Sun Cho, Jeong Won Jang, Kwon Yong Tak, Pil Soo Sung
Cancers.2025; 17(24): 3967. CrossRef

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Hepatic neoplasm

A lexicon for hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance ultrasonography: benign versus malignant lesions: Chansik An, Gulbahor Rakhmonova, Kyunghwa Han, Nieun Seo, Jin Young Lee, Myeong-Jin Kim, Mi-Suk Park; Clin Mol Hepatol 2017;23(1):57-65.
Published online March 24, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2016.0041

Abstract
PDF

Background/Aims
To suggest a lexicon for liver ultrasonography and to identify radiologic features indicative of benign or malignant lesions on surveillance ultrasonography.
Methods
This retrospective study included 188 nodules (benign, 101; malignant, 87) from 175 at-risk patients identified during surveillance ultrasonography for hepatocellular carcinoma. We created a lexicon for liver ultrasonography by reviewing relevant literature regarding the ultrasonographic features of hepatic lesions. Using this lexicon, two abdominal radiologists determined the presence or absence of each ultrasonographic feature for the included hepatic lesions. Independent factors associated with malignancy and interobserver agreement were determined by logistic regression analysis and kappa statistics, respectively.
Results
Larger tumor size (odds ratio [OR], 1.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-1.183; P<0.001), multinodular confluent morphology (OR, 7.712; 95% CI, 1.053-56.465; P=0.044), thick hypoechoic rim (OR, 5.878; 95% CI, 2.681-12.888; P<0.001), and posterior acoustic enhancement (OR, 3.077; 95% CI, 1.237-7.655; P=0.016) were independently associated with malignant lesions. In a subgroup analysis of lesions <2 cm, none of the ultrasonographic features were significantly associated with malignancy or benignity. Interobserver agreement for morphology was fair (κ=0.36), while those for rim (κ=0.427), echogenicity (κ=0.549), and posterior acoustic enhancement (κ=0.543) were moderate.
Conclusions
For hepatic lesions larger than 2 cm, some ultrasonography (US) features might be suggestive of malignancy. We propose a lexicon that may be useful for surveillance US.

Citations

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Focal Hyperechoic Hepatic Lesions in Northern Region of Saudi Arabia: Prevalence, Radiologic Features, and Clinical Relevance
Fatimah M. Alonzi, Mohammed J. Alsaadi, Khaled Said Karam, Essa M. Alanzi, Noura K. Alhathal, Maram F. Alreshidi, Abdulrahman M. Alfuraih
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(19): 6987. CrossRef
Sonographic appearance of focal liver lesions and likelihood of hepatocellular carcinoma in adult Thais with chronic hepatitis B virus infection
Sarana Suttivanich, Kamonwan Soonklang, Pantajaree Hiranrat, Surachate Siripongsakun
Journal of Clinical Ultrasound.2024; 52(4): 377. CrossRef
Direct comparison of biopsy techniques for hepatic malignancies
Shang-Chin Huang, Ja-Der Liang, Shih-Jer Hsu, Tzu-Chan Hong, Hung-Chih Yang, Jia-Horng Kao
Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2021; 27(2): 305. CrossRef

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Liver Imaging

Hepatic neoplasm

Liver imaging reporting and data system (LI-RADS) version 2014: understanding and application of the diagnostic algorithm: Chansik An, Gulbahor Rakhmonova, Jin-Young Choi, Myeong-Jin Kim; Clin Mol Hepatol 2016;22(2):296-307.
Published online June 15, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2016.0028

Abstract
PDF

Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) is a system for interpreting and reporting of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the liver in patients at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). LI-RADS has been developed to address the limitations of prior imaging-based criteria including the lack of established consensus regarding the exact definitions of imaging features, binary categorization (either definite or not definite HCC), and failure to consider non-HCC malignancies. One of the most important goals of LI-RADS is to facilitate clear communication between all the personnel involved in the diagnosis and treatment of HCC, such as radiologists, hepatologists, surgeons, and pathologists. Therefore, clinicians should also be familiar with LI-RADS. This article reviews the LI-RADS diagnostic algorithm, and the definitions and management implications of LI-RADS categories.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

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Xuan-Yi Zhu, Kai-Chi Liu, Ze-Bin Zhu, Shu-Geng Zhang
Journal of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.2026; Volume 13: 1. CrossRef
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Jinxia Pei, Longsheng Wang, Huan Li
Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography.2025; 49(1): 9. CrossRef
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Modified LR-5 criteria based on gadoxetic acid can improve the sensitivity in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma
Yan Song, Yue-Yue Zhang, Qin Yu, Rui Ma, Yue Xiao, Jun-Kang Shen, Chao-Gang Wei
World Journal of Radiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Diagnostic value of using ancillary features to upgrade LI-RADS from LR-4 to LR-5 observations in the LI-RADS system: a systematic review
Mohammad Hossein Golezar, Hamed Ghorani, Sara Hassanzadeh, Mohsen Rastkar, Faeze Salahshour, Reihaneh Mortazavi Ardestani, Shadi Nouri, Shiva Ebrahimi, Niloofar Ayoobi Yazdi
Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Shaopeng Li, Kexue Deng, Jun Qiu, Peng Wang, Dawei Yin, Yiju Xie, Yongqiang Yu
Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Multimodality imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
Haneyeh Shahbazian, Mohammad Mirza‐Aghazadeh‐Attari, Ali Borhani, Alireza Mohseni, Seyedeh Panid Madani, Golnoosh Ansari, Timothy M. Pawlik, Ihab R. Kamel
Journal of Surgical Oncology.2023; 128(4): 519. CrossRef
What is CEUS LI-RADS?
Yasunori MINAMI, Masatoshi KUDO, Yuko KONO
Choonpa Igaku.2022; 49(3): 205. CrossRef
Extended application of subtraction arterial phase imaging in LI-RADS version 2018: a strategy to improve the diagnostic performance for hepatocellular carcinoma on gadoxetate disodium–enhanced MRI
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European Radiology.2021; 31(3): 1620. CrossRef
Integrating baseline MR imaging biomarkers into BCLC and CLIP improves overall survival prediction of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
Mounes Aliyari Ghasabeh, Mohammadreza Shaghaghi, Ankur Pandey, Sanaz Ameli, Bharath Ambale Venkatesh, Angela Jacob, Pallavi Pandey, Bita Hazhirkarzar, Yan Luo, Roya Rezvani Habibabadi, Pegah Khoshpouri, Maryam Ghadimi, Ihab R. Kamel
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Corona enhancement can substitute enhancing capsule in the imaging diagnosis of small (≤ 3 cm) HCCs on gadoxetic acid–enhanced MRI
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European Radiology.2021; 31(11): 8628. CrossRef
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Should Threshold Growth Be Considered a Major Feature in the Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using LI-RADS?
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American Journal of Roentgenology.2020; 214(1): 72. CrossRef
Comparison of the diagnostic performance of the 2017 and 2018 versions of LI-RADS for hepatocellular carcinoma on gadoxetic acid enhanced MRI
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Clinical Radiology.2020; 75(4): 319.e1. CrossRef
Targetoid hepatic observations on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI using LI-RADS version 2018: emphasis on hepatocellular carcinomas assigned to the LR-M category
H.J. Park, Y.K. Kim, D.I. Cha, S.E. Ko, S. Kim, E.S. Lee, S. Ahn
Clinical Radiology.2020; 75(6): 478.e13. CrossRef
Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System Version 2018: What Radiologists Need to Know
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CT and MRI Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System Version 2018 for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis
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Autoimmune Hepatitis in Cuban Patients: A Retrospective Analysis of Clinical and Histological Profiles, Treatments, and Outcomes
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Current Therapeutic Research.2020; 93: 100594. CrossRef
The need for standardization of nuclear cardiology reporting and data system (NCAD-RADS): Learning from coronary artery disease (CAD), breast imaging (BI), liver imaging (LI), and prostate imaging (PI) RADS
Majid Assadi, Erik Velez, Mohammad Hosein Najafi, Ali Gholamrezanezhad
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Radiomics and radiogenomics of primary liver cancers
Woo Kyoung Jeong, Neema Jamshidi, Ely Richard Felker, Steven Satish Raman, David Shinkuo Lu
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The utility of diffusion-weighted imaging in improving the sensitivity of LI-RADS classification of small hepatic observations suspected of malignancy
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Extracellular contrast agent-enhanced MRI: 15-min delayed phase may improve the diagnostic performance for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver disease
Si Eun Lee, Chansik An, Shin Hye Hwang, Jin-Young Choi, Kyunghwa Han, Myeong-Jin Kim
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CAIPIRINHA-Dixon-TWIST (CDT)-VIBE MR imaging of the liver at 3.0T with gadoxetate disodium: a solution for transient arterial-phase respiratory motion-related artifacts?
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Original Articles

Liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and portal hypertension

Magnetization-tagged MRI is a simple method for predicting liver fibrosis: Kyung-Eun Kim, Mi-Suk Park, Sohae Chung, Chansik An, Leon Axel, Rakhmonova Gulbahor Ergashovna; Clin Mol Hepatol 2016;22(1):140-145.
Published online March 28, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2016.22.1.140

Abstract
PDF

Background/Aims
To assess the usefulness of magnetization-tagged magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in quantifying cardiac-induced liver motion and deformation in order to predict liver fibrosis.
Methods
This retrospective study included 85 patients who underwent liver MRI including magnetization-tagged sequences from April 2010 to August 2010. Tagged images were acquired in three coronal and three sagittal planes encompassing both the liver and heart. A Gabor filter bank was used to measure the maximum value of displacement (MaxDisp) and the maximum and minimum values of principal strains (MaxP1 and MinP2, respectively). Patients were divided into three groups (no fibrosis, mild-to-moderate fibrosis, and significant fibrosis) based on their aspartate-aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) score. Group comparisons were made using ANOVA tests.
Results
The patients were divided into three groups according to APRI scores: no fibrosis (≤0.5; n=41), moderate fibrosis (0.5–1.5; n=23), and significant fibrosis (>1.5; n=21). The values of MaxDisp were 2.9±0.9 (mean±SD), 2.3±0.7, and 2.1±0.6 in the no fibrosis, moderate fibrosis, and significant fibrosis groups, respectively (P<0.001); the corresponding values of MaxP1 were 0.05±0.2, 0.04±0.02, and 0.03±0.01, respectively (P=0.002), while those of MinP2 were –0.07±0.02, –0.05±0.02, and –0.04±0.01, respectively (P<0.001).
Conclusions
Tagged MRI to quantify cardiac-induced liver motion can be easily incorporated in routine liver MRI and may represent a helpful complementary tool in the diagnosis of early liver fibrosis.

Citations

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Harnessing intrinsic cardiac motion vs. external mechanical vibrations: a comparison of MRI cine-tagging and MR elastography for liver fibrosis assessment
Thierry L Lefebvre, Anton Volniansky, Léonie Petitclerc, Emmanuel Montagnon, Giada Sebastiani, Jeanne-Marie Giard, Marie-Pierre Sylvestre, Bich Ngoc Nguyen, Guillaume Gilbert, Guy Cloutier, An Tang
British Journal of Radiology.2025; 98(1176): 2066. CrossRef
MRI cine‐tagging of cardiac‐induced motion for noninvasive staging of liver fibrosis
Thierry Lefebvre, Léonie Petitclerc, Mélanie Hébert, Laurent Bilodeau, Giada Sebastiani, Damien Olivié, Zu‐Hua Gao, Marie‐Pierre Sylvestre, Guy Cloutier, Bich N. Nguyen, Guillaume Gilbert, An Tang
Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging.2020; 51(5): 1570. CrossRef

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Hepatic neoplasm

Growth rate of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver disease: Chansik An, Youn Ah Choi, Dongil Choi, Yong Han Paik, Sang Hoon Ahn, Myeong-Jin Kim, Seung Woon Paik, Kwang-Hyub Han, Mi-Suk Park; Clin Mol Hepatol 2015;21(3):279-286.
Published online September 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2015.21.3.279

Abstract
PDF

Background/Aims

The goal of this study was to estimate the growth rate of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and identify the host factors that significantly affect this rate.

Methods

Patients with early-stage HCC (n=175) who underwent two or more serial dynamic imaging studies without any anticancer treatment at two tertiary care hospitals in Korea were identified. For each patient, the tumor volume doubling time (TVDT) of HCC was calculated by comparing tumor volumes between serial imaging studies. Clinical and laboratory data were obtained from the medical records of the patients.

Results

The median TVDT was 85.7 days, with a range of 11 to 851.2 days. Multiple linear regression revealed that the initial tumor diameter (a tumor factor) and the etiology of chronic liver disease (a host factor) were significantly associated with the TVDT. The TVDT was shorter when the initial tumor diameter was smaller, and was shorter in HCC related to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection than in HCC related to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (median, 76.8 days vs. 137.2 days; P=0.0234).

Conclusions

The etiology of chronic liver disease is a host factor that may significantly affect the growth rate of early-stage HCC, since HBV-associated HCC grows faster than HCV-associated HCC.

Citations

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Journal of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.2026; Volume 13: 1. CrossRef
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Miho Akabane, Jun Kawashima, Selamawit Woldesenbet, Abdullah Altaf, François Cauchy, Federico Aucejo, Irinel Popescu, Minoru Kitago, Guillaume Martel, Francesca Ratti, Luca Aldrighetti, George A. Poultsides, Yuki Imaoka, Andrea Ruzzenente, Itaru Endo, Ana
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Evaluation of screening program for hepatocellular carcinoma at a single center
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Comparison of Annual Dynamic Abbreviated MRI and Biannual Ultrasound for HCC Surveillance in a High-Risk Group: Two-Center Cohort Study
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Survival Outcomes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients Undergoing TARE: A Comparative Analysis Before and After Single Admission Order–Map–Treat Protocol Implementation
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Hepatocellular Carcinoma Incidence Threshold for Surveillance in Virologically Cured Hepatitis C Individuals
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Based on Gadolinium Ethoxybenzyl DTPA–Enhanced MRI: Diagnostic Performance of the Category-Modified LR-5 Criteria in Patients At Risk for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
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Intra-procedural dual phase cone beam computed tomography has a better diagnostic accuracy over pre-procedural MRI and MDCT in detection and characterization of HCC in cirrhotic patients undergoing TACE procedure
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Non‐invasive liver fibrosis scores are strongly associated with liver cancer mortality in general population without liver disease
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Gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver disease: can hypointensity on the late portal venous phase be used as an alternative to washout?
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Abdominal Radiology.2020; 45(9): 2705. CrossRef
Diagnostic performance of Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System in patients at risk of both hepatocellular carcinoma and metastasis
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Surgery in Practice and Science.2020; 1: 100008. CrossRef
Liver Care and Surveillance: The Global Impact of the COVID‐19 Pandemic
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Uncovering Biological Factors That Regulate Hepatocellular Carcinoma Growth Using Patient‐Derived Xenograft Assays
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Hepatology.2020; 72(3): 1085. CrossRef
Surveillance for HCC After Liver Transplantation: Increased Monitoring May Yield Aggressive Treatment Options and Improved Postrecurrence Survival
David D. Lee, Gonzalo Sapisochin, Neil Mehta, Andre Gorgen, Kaitlyn R. Musto, Hana Hajda, Francis Y. Yao, David O. Hodge, Rickey E. Carter, Denise M. Harnois
Transplantation.2020; 104(10): 2105. CrossRef
Retrospective CT/MRI Texture Analysis of Rapidly Progressive Hepatocellular Carcinoma
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Journal of Personalized Medicine.2020; 10(3): 136. CrossRef
LI-RADS Imaging Criteria for HCC Diagnosis and Treatment: Emerging Evidence
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World Journal of Hepatology.2020; 12(10): 738. CrossRef
Hepatocellular Carcinoma Demonstrates Heterogeneous Growth Patterns in a Multicenter Cohort of Patients With Cirrhosis
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Can Immediately Treating Subcentimeter Hepatocellular Carcinoma Improve the Survival of Patients?

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treated With Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy: Long Term Imaging Follow-Up
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Discrepancy between the Actual Clinical Status of Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Expectations from Hepatocellular Carcinoma Surveillance: a Single-Center Study
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Combination Suicide Gene Delivery with an Adeno-Associated Virus Vector Encoding Inducible Caspase-9 and a Chemical Inducer of Dimerization Is Effective in a Xenotransplantation Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
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Historical Data Are Not Relevant to the Diagnostic Performance of Ultrasound in Surveillance for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
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Spontaneous Slowing and Regressing of Tumor Growth in Childhood/Adolescent Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas Suggested by the Postoperative Thyroglobulin-Doubling Time
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Men with biopsy‐confirmed hepatocellular adenoma have a high risk of progression to hepatocellular carcinoma: A nationwide population‐based study
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Liver International.2017; 37(7): 1042. CrossRef
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Hepatology Communications.2017; 1(8): 723. CrossRef
Tumor Volume Doubling Time as a Dynamic Prognostic Marker for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma
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Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System: Review of Major Imaging Features
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Multiplication of Tumor Volume by Two Tumor Markers Is a Post-Resection Prognostic Predictor for Solitary Hepatocellular Carcinoma
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