Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major global burden, ranking as the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality. HCC due to chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or C virus (HCV) infection has decreased due to universal vaccination for HBV and effective antiviral therapy for both HBV and HCV, but HCC related to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and alcohol-associated liver disease is increasing. Biannual liver ultrasonography and serum α-fetoprotein are the primary surveillance tools for early HCC detection among high-risk patients (e.g., cirrhosis, chronic HBV). Alternative surveillance tools such as blood-based biomarker panels and abbreviated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are being investigated. Multiphasic computed tomography or MRI is the standard for HCC diagnosis, but histological confirmation should be considered, especially when inconclusive findings are seen on cross-sectional imaging. Staging and treatment decisions are complex and should be made in multidisciplinary settings, incorporating multiple factors including tumor burden, degree of liver dysfunction, patient performance status, available expertise, and patient preferences. Early-stage HCC is best treated with curative options such as resection, ablation, or transplantation. For intermediate-stage disease, locoregional therapies are primarily recommended although systemic therapies may be preferred for patients with large intrahepatic tumor burden. In advanced-stage disease, immune checkpoint inhibitor-based therapy is the preferred treatment regimen. In this review article, we discuss the recent global epidemiology, risk factors, and HCC care continuum encompassing surveillance, diagnosis, staging, and treatments.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Gender, Age, Alpha-fetoprotein, and Des-gamma-carboxyprothrombin Score as a Novel Approach to Early Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Narrative Review Ludovico Abenavoli, Giuseppe G.M. Scarlata, Maria L. Gambardella, Ivo Lopez, Giuseppe Sena, Domenico Laganà, Francesco Luzza, Giuseppe Currò Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology.2026; 16(1): 103203. CrossRef
Split biosensor based on nano-enzymatic ferrocene-tyramine deposition reaction for detection of SMP30 antibody Yanping Xing, Xixiang Xie, Jiangtao Liu, Tao Zhao, Xiyu Liu, Pan Wu, Faquan Lin, Yong Huang Analytica Chimica Acta.2026; 1382: 344834. CrossRef
Ferroptosis modulation by METTL14 in cancers: From molecular insights to therapeutic strategies Boran Huang, Chenglin Zhu, Xinyu Zhang, Qi Zhang, Honggang Wang Cellular Signalling.2026; 138: 112212. CrossRef
Integrated multi-Omics and network toxicology elucidate the multi-target mechanisms of environmental hormones in driving hepatocellular carcinoma Rong Huang, Jinyue Ma, Jiaxin Yao, Jiyu Pang, Min Zhang, Lu Wen, Liang Wang, Yanan Deng, Xiu He, Chunyan Zhao, Bo Mu Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety.2026; 309: 119519. CrossRef
The regulatory role of circGDI2 in hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation and glycolysis with the involvement of m6A modification Shiyi Chen, Hongxiang Xia, Shuwei Chen Non-coding RNA Research.2026; 17: 21. CrossRef
CTTN overexpression on circulating tumor cells promotes hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence via enhancing the proliferation and clonality of circulating tumor cells Yongzhi Liu, Zhidong Fu, Lihui Jiang, Yang Chen, Feng Jiang, Chuanling Zhang, Tieming Zhu Cytotechnology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Outcomes of Nivolumab Plus Ipilimumab After Atezolizumab Plus Bevacizumab in Advanced HCC: An International Multicentre Study Jung Sun Kim, Jeffrey Wong, San‐Chi Chen, David Tai, Hannah Yang, Youngun Kim, Beodeul Kang, Ilhwan Kim, Hyeyeong Kim, Chansik An, Su Jin Jang, Masatoshi Kudo, Ho Yeong Lim, Chan Kim, Thomas Yau, Hong Jae Chon Liver International.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Endoplasmic reticulum stress-related CLIP4 plays a procarcinogenic role in hepatocellular carcinoma: an integrated analysis Anqi Wang, Sitong Yan, Weijia Jiang, Xiang Chen, Yuhan Huang, Xiangyu Zu, Xiao Du, Lulu Fan, Jiatao Liu, Guoping Sun BMC Cancer.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Progress in the Application of Novel Nanomaterials in Targeted Therapy for Liver Cancer Xin Wei, Weihua Cao, Shiyu Wang, Yaqin Zhang, Zixuan Gao, Shuojie Wang, Linmei Yao, Ziyu Zhang, Xinxin Li, Wen Deng, Yao Xie, Minghui Li International Journal of Nanomedicine.2025; Volume 20: 2623. CrossRef
Rising Incidence of Early-Onset Liver Cancer and Intrahepatic Bile Duct Cancer: Analysis of the National Childhood Cancer Registry Database Pojsakorn Danpanichkul, Yanfang Pang, Thanida Auttapracha, Omar Al Ta’ani, Thanathip Suenghataiphorn, Apichat Kaewdech, Mark D. Muthiah, Donghee Kim, Karn Wijarnpreecha, Amit G. Singal, Ju Dong Yang Cancers.2025; 17(7): 1133. CrossRef
Role of SMYD2 in gastrointestinal cancer progression (Review) Kun Xia, Yaoxiang Zhou, Youping Xie, Yinzhong Cai Oncology Letters.2025; 29(6): 1. CrossRef
Longitudinal study of factors associated with the anti-cancer efficacy and liver function in HCC patients treated with TACE in combination with percutaneous ablation Huhu Ren, Jian Chen, Zhiqun Wu, Chen Li Frontiers in Oncology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A Review of Risk Prediction Model for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Chronic Hepatitis B Jiwon Yang, Mark D. Muthiah, Won-Mook Choi Current Hepatology Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
LPAR6 Inhibits the Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) by Suppressing the Nuclear Translocation of YAP/TAZ Gegentuya Bao, Manjue Zhai, Yali Yan, Yuewu Wang, Alatangaole Damirin International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(9): 4205. CrossRef
PP1A Modulates the Efficacy of Lenvatinib Plus ICIs Therapy by Inhibiting Ferroptosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Jitong Zhou, Meng Gao, Shikun Zhang, Wing‐Wa Guo, Wenzhi He, Minghe Zhang, Xi Chen, Cairang Dongzhi, Xiaomian Li, Yufeng Yuan, Weijie Ma Advanced Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Pathogenesis and Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Associated with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis 舒惟 梁 Advances in Clinical Medicine.2025; 15(05): 2063. CrossRef
Engineered E. coli OMVs Carrying the Membrane-Binding hGC33 Fragment Precisely Target Liver Cancer and Effectively Treat Tumor Yufei Deng, Bangya Yang, Zelan Yang, Hanyu Xiao, Yan Zou, Cheng Zou, Song Yang, Xi Sun, Yiting Wang, Jin Bai, Liaoqiong Fang, Zhibiao Wang International Journal of Nanomedicine.2025; Volume 20: 6573. CrossRef
Peripheral blood inflammatory score using a cytokine multiplex assay predicts clinical outcomes in patients treated with atezolizumab-bevacizumab for unresectable HCC Hee Sun Cho, Soon Kyu Lee, Ji Won Han, Jung Hyun Kwon, Soon Woo Nam, Jaejun Lee, Keungmo Yang, Pil Soo Sung, Jeong Won Jang, Seung Kew Yoon, Jong Young Choi Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Adding salt to foods and risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and other chronic liver diseases Shunming Zhang, Zhenyu Huo, Yan Borné, Emily Sonestedt, Lu Qi European Journal of Nutrition.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Targeting super-enhancers in liver cancer: from pathogenic mechanisms to clinical applications Chang-Lei Li, Zhi-Yuan Yao, Ao Sun, Jing-Yu Cao, Zu-Sen Wang Frontiers in Pharmacology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular mechanisms underlying Fagopyrum dibotrys-derived nanovesicles induced ferroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma: a dual-pathway analysis of lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial damage Ling Wu, Hongyao Chen, Jingting Zhang, Jincheng Tang, Zhibin Wang, Peisen Xue, Wenhui Gao, Renyi Yang, Puhua Zeng Frontiers in Pharmacology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
An Artificial Intelligence Pipeline for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: From Data to Treatment Recommendations Xuebing Zhang, Liuxin Yang, Chengxiang Liu, Xingxing Yuan, Yali Zhang International Journal of General Medicine.2025; Volume 18: 3581. CrossRef
Enhancing ultrasonographic detection of hepatocellular carcinoma with artificial intelligence: current applications, challenges and future directions Janthakan Wongsuwan, Teeravut Tubtawee, Sitang Nirattisaikul, Pojsakorn Danpanichkul, Wisit Cheungpasitporn, Sitthichok Chaichulee, Apichat Kaewdech BMJ Open Gastroenterology.2025; 12(1): e001832. CrossRef
Exploring the impact of sleep duration and sleep disorders on metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in older adults Fan Zhang, Yuan Xue, Wenjian Li BMC Geriatrics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Integrating machine learning and molecular docking to decipher the molecular network of aflatoxin B1-induced hepatocellular carcinoma Junjie Gao, Meijun Zhang, Qun Chen, Kai Ye, Jing Wu, Tao Wang, Puhong Zhang, Gang Feng International Journal of Surgery.2025; 111(7): 4539. CrossRef
Managing hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after liver transplantation: emerging role of immune checkpoint inhibitors Mohammad Saeid Rezaee-Zavareh, Soo Young Hwang, Naomy Kim, Hasmik Adetyan, Nguyen H. Tran, Ju Dong Yang Discover Oncology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Addressing Africa's marginalisation in hepatocellular carcinoma clinical trials Mohamed El-Kassas, Hend Shousha, Lewis R Roberts The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology.2025; 10(11): 966. CrossRef
Response Assessment in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Primer for Radiologists Nayla Mroueh, Jinjin Cao, Shravya Srinivas Rao, Soumyadeep Ghosh, Ok Kyu Song, Sasiprang Kongboonvijit, Anuradha Shenoy-Bhangle, Avinash Kambadakone Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Targeting tumor-associated macrophages to overcome immune checkpoint inhibitor resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma Fen Liu, Xianying Li, Yiming Zhang, Shan Ge, Zhan Shi, Qingbin Liu, Shulong Jiang Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Hepatocellular carcinoma of non-viral etiology: From theory to real practice V. V. Petkau, N. E. Krasilnikova, E. N. Bessonova, A. A. Tarkhanov Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council.2025; (10): 66. CrossRef
The transcription factor HOXB7 significantly enhances the expression of PIGT through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, thereby promoting the proliferation and deterioration of HCC Jiaxin Huang, Jiaqi Tan, Nanfeng Meng, Junrong Wang, Peng Han, Hang Wang Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy.2025; 25(11): 1299. CrossRef
A Clinical-Imaging Nomogram for Predicting Early Recurrence in Patients with Solitary Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Postoperative Adjuvant TACE Jiachen Liu, Xiurong Ding, Yanyan Zhang, Hongjun Li Journal of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.2025; Volume 12: 1835. CrossRef
Emerging evidence supports direct-acting antiviral therapy for HCC patients beyond the early stage Teng-Yu Lee, Pei-Chien Tsai, Shou-Wu Lee, Ming- Lung Yu Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Advancing Policy and Practice in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease and Alcohol-Attributable Cancer: Correspondence to the editorial on “Rising Burden of Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease and Cancers: Insights into Sex Disparities and Policy Implications” Pojsakorn Danpanichkul, Donghee Kim, Karn Wijarnpreecha, Amit G. Singal, Ju Dong Yang Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Augmenting conventional criteria: a CT-based deep learning radiomics nomogram for early recurrence risk stratification in hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation Ziqian Wu, Danyang Liu, Siyu Ouyang, Jingyi Hu, Jie Ding, Qiu Guo, Jidong Gao, Jiawen Luo, Ke Ren Insights into Imaging.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Exploration of the Mechanism of Action of Dendrobium officinale in the Treatment of Liver Cancer Based on Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking and in vitro Validation Shuimeng Zhan, Xinyan Lu, Hongyan Guo, Yang Liu, Zhi Li, Wei Xu, Fang Xia, Huanjun Tang, Yi Tian, Jing Chen, Xuan Lin Journal of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.2025; Volume 12: 1973. CrossRef
Direct-acting Antivirals Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Hepatitis C Patients Seul Ki Han, Soon Koo Baik, Moon Young Kim Journal of Digestive Cancer Research.2025; 13(2): 150. CrossRef
Transarterial radioembolization versus atezolizumab-bevacizumab for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis Youngsu Park, Yuri Cho, Seung Up Kim, Aryoung Kim, Hyunjae Shin, Hyo-Cheol Kim, In Joon Lee, Gyoung Min Kim, Dongho Hyun, Yunmi Ko, Jeayeon Park, Jae Woong Yoon, Gyung Sun Lim, Moon Haeng Hur, Yun Bin Lee, Eun Ju Cho, Jeong-Hoon Lee, Su Jong Yu, Jung-Hwan Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Glypican-3: Novel Theranostic Agent for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Luca Filippi Seminars in Nuclear Medicine.2025; 55(6): 928. CrossRef
Dihydroartemisinin inhibits histone lactylation through YAP1 to act as a ‘hot’ switch for ‘cold’ tumor in hepatocellular carcinoma Yuting Gao, Yi Gong, Xiaoyong Song, Yajun Xiong, Junlan Lu, Yanguang Yang, Yanli Gong, Zhimin Du, Shanshan Wang, Ruilong Jia, Peng Gong, Xinli Shi Phytomedicine.2025; 148: 157307. CrossRef
ANTIFIBROTIC STRATEGY IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC LIVER DISEASES Mariana M. Seliuk, Anatolii M. Pechinka Ukrainian educational and scientific medical space.2025; (1): 28. CrossRef
The diagnostic value of 18 F-FAPI-04 PET/CT in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a head-to-head comparison with 18 F-FDG PET/CT Huanyu Gong, Yong Cheng, Qiang Li, Yingjun He, Qijun Cai, Yongjin Tang, Yulong Liu, Lu Kuang, Yingxin Li, Jingjie Shang, Chengzhi Li, Kangshou Liu, Mingrong Cao, Lu Wang, Xueying Ling, Hao Xu European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Selective Angiographic Roadmap Analysis (SARA) of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Feeding Arteries for Transarterial Chemoembolization Sultan R. Alharbi Diagnostics.2025; 15(19): 2533. CrossRef
Binding and ubiquitination-mediated degradation of ACKR3 by the novel Scutellarein derivative TBS6b potently suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma Xing Jiang, Ying Liang, Guotao Tang, Haiyan Quan, Lijun Ruan, Mengli Zhang, Zhijun Song, Min Ou, Zhien Tan, Na Lu, Fangfang Wu, Xiaonan Yang Bioorganic Chemistry.2025; 166: 109073. CrossRef
Role of ALBI Grade as a Predictive Factor for Long‐Term Mortality in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma Undergoing Transarterial Chemoembolization Kyoung A Ko, Hyunwoo Oh, Myung Sub Kim, Hyun Pyo Hong, Yong Kyun Cho, Byung Ik Kim, Won Sohn Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2025; 40(11): 2758. CrossRef
Innovative Approaches to Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Diagnostic Breakthroughs, Biomarker Integration, and Artificial Intelligence Evangelos Koustas, Eleni-Myrto Trifylli, Panagiotis Sarantis, Michalis V. Karamouzis Biomedicines.2025; 13(10): 2439. CrossRef
Subset of Child-Pugh Score 7 Shows Comparable Survival Outcomes to Child-Pugh Score 6 in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treated with Atezolizumab and Bevacizumab Jaejun Lee, Keungmo Yang, Ji Won Han, Pil Soo Sung, Jeong Won Jang, Seung Kew Yoon, Hee Sun Cho, Hyun Yang, Si Hyun Bae, Ji Hoon Kim, Heechul Nam, Chang Wook Kim, Hae Lim Lee, Hee Yeon Kim, Sung Won Lee, Ahlim Lee, Do Seon Song, Myeong Jun Song, Soon Woo Clinical Cancer Research.2025; 31(20): 4323. CrossRef
Plasma exosomal lncRNA-related signatures define molecular subtypes and predict survival and treatment response in hepatocellular carcinoma Fangmin Zhong, Fangyi Yao, Xin-Lu Wang, Zihao Wang, Bo Huang, Jing Liu, Xiaozhong Wang, Lei Zhang Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Hepatocellular carcinoma: modern aspects of interdisciplinary management. Part 1. Epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis Yu.M. Stepanov, N.Yu. Zavhorodnia, O.M. Vlasova GASTROENTEROLOGY.2025; 59(3): 206. CrossRef
Repurposing HIV-Protease Inhibitor Precursors as Anticancer Agents: The Synthetic Molecule RDD-142 Delays Cell Cycle Progression and Induces Autophagy in HepG2 Cells with Enhanced Efficacy via Liposomal Formulation Fabiana Crispo, Antonio Vassallo, Immacolata Faraone, Alessandro Santarsiere, Lucia Chiummiento, Mara Martinelli, Nicoletta Cascelli, Xavier Fernàndez-Busquets, Rocchina Miglionico, Ilaria Nigro, Carla Caddeo, Maria Francesca Armentano International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(21): 10305. CrossRef
The multidimensional role of SLC16A4 in hepatocellular carcinoma in silico analysis: prognostic significance, metabolic pathways, and immune microenvironment regulation Lili Jiang, Yi Shen, Zhengyang Feng, Yong Wang, Yaqun Zhu, Yuntian Shen, Qiliang Peng European Journal of Medical Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
MRI-based Habitat Imaging Enhances the Preoperative Prediction of Microvascular Invasion in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xiaogang Li, Anbin Hu Academic Radiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The potential of soluble programmed cell death-ligand 1 and soluble programmed cell death 1 as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis Jie Li, Xiangyang He, Tingting Gao, Qingjun Zhang, Xu Han Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -).2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Multi-omics analysis reveals the role of tumor-infiltrating CD4+CCR7+ T cells in EGFR antibody resistance and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma Zizhong Yang, Lupeng Qiu, Guhe Jia, Zhuoya Sun, Yixin Gong, Yin Chen, Yu Wang, Lai Song, Xiao Zhao, Shunchang Jiao BMC Cancer.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Identification and validation of icaritin-associated prognostic genes in hepatocellular carcinoma through network pharmacology, bioinformatics analysis, and cellular experiments Yaru Shi, Yanan Bai, Jianglan Wu, Yunfeng Yu, Xinyu Yang, Haobo Yang, Weixiong Jian, Jun Qing Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Enhancing cancer risk awareness and screening management through artificial intelligence: a narrative review Jiaxuan Wu, Xiaolong Tang, Qian Zheng, Xinhang Gu, Li Ma, Jinghong Xian, Hui Mao, Jiadi Gan, Guiyi Ji Frontiers in Oncology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
miR-122-5p Regulates Ferroptosis through Targeting the Glutamine Transporter SLC1A5 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Mingxuan Lei, Jiayin Xu, Xiaoying Hu, Lin Feng, Baoping Luo BIOCELL.2025; 0: 1. CrossRef
Targeting endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced CLGN resensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma to apoptosis: paeonol synergistically enhances efficacy by dual inhibition of CLGN and NF-κB Sitong Yan, Anqi Wang, Xiang Chen, Weijia Jiang, Xiao Du, Yuhan Huang, Xiangyu Zu, Yue Zhu, Jiatao Liu, Lulu Fan, Lingling Zhang, Guoping Sun Frontiers in Oncology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Lactylation in Cancer: Unlocking the Key to Drug Resistance and Therapeutic Breakthroughs Xiangnan Feng, Dayong Li, Pingyu Wang, Xinyu Li, Guangyao Li Oncology Research.2025; 33(11): 3327. CrossRef
Organokine-Mediated Crosstalk: A Systems Biology Perspective on the Pathogenesis of MASLD—A Narrative Review Sandra Maria Barbalho, Lucas Fornari Laurindo, Vitor Engracia Valenti, Nahum Méndez-Sánchez, Mariana M. Ramírez-Mejía, Ricardo de Alvares Goulart International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(23): 11547. CrossRef
Systematic analysis of the expression profiles and prognostic values of the FAM72 family in liver cancer Weihao Kong, Long Teng, Kangjie Zhang, Yajun Zou, Xingyu Wang, Jianlin Zhang Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports.2025; 44: 102358. CrossRef
Bioinformatics Analysis Reveals the Role of DLGAP4 in the Development and Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Feng Yang, Shoufeng Chang, Ruxia Li, Jing Wei, Hua Zhang, Qiqi Wang, Zhenjun Li, Yamei Dang Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Early screening for liver cancer must be performed Zi-Han Liu, Wen-Jun Wang, Shuang-Suo Dang World Journal of Hepatology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
–A novel peptide SMIM45-107aa promotes HCC progression via MTDH pathways and its anticancer peptide derivative Yan An, Xiangyang Shi, Wentao Huang, Mingyi Shang, Guang-Zhi Jin Journal of Translational Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Review Seok-Hwan Kim Convergence Hepatology.2025; 1(1): 24. CrossRef
Clinical significance of citrullinated glial fibrillary acidic protein in predicting outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma Yoon Ah Cho, Dong Woo Shin, Mo-Jong Kim, Ji-Won Park, Ji-Young Choe, Jung-Woo Lee, Sung-Hoon Moon, Akihito Ishigami, Eun Kyoung Choi, Sung-Eun Kim World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Intra-tumoral microbiota: Key modulators of tumor immunity and therapeutic potential Junju He, Hui Tan, Yanru Qiu, Yuchao Dan, Qian Wan, Lan Li, Jie Wu, Qibin Song, Hongbin Chen, Bin Xu Genes & Diseases.2025; : 101963. CrossRef
Prognostic nutritional index and the survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma on immune checkpoint inhibitors: a meta-analysis Jia Fu, Wei Peng, Jinqiong Jiang, Tan Deng, Huaxin Duan, Kanghan Liu BMC Cancer.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Phenylalanine-Coated PLGA Nanoparticles for Targeted Delivery of Silibinin in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Claudia Mari, Federica Aliperta, Amadeo Sanz-Pérez, Mario Alonso, Elena González-Burgos, Juan Francisco González, Irene Lozza, Ana Fernández-Carballido, Ana Isabel Fraguas-Sánchez Molecular Pharmaceutics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparative Evaluation of Proprietary and Open-Source Large Language Models for Systematic Multi-source Information Extraction in Interventional Oncology Elif Can, Wibke Uller, Elmar Kotter, Katharina Vogt, Michael Doppler, Michael Brönnimann, Raid Alshinibr, Aboelyazid Elkilany, Felix Busch, Avan Kader, Sebastian Gassenmaier, Saif Afat, Marcus R. Makowski, Keno K. Bressem, Lisa C. Adams CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Survival benefits of different immunotherapies for hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis highlighting age, gender, etiology, and tumor burden Ming-Cheng Guan, Na Li, Qian Ding, Di Sun, Hao Li, Mei Yang, Lei Hong, Hong Zhu Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Visit‑to‑visit variability of inflammation–immunity indices and prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma Qiajun Du, Youli Zhao, Jing Yang, Yongxin Yang BMC Gastroenterology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist II as a prognostic marker in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with normal serum alpha-fetoprotein levels Kuan-Jung Huang, Chun-Ting Ho, Pei-Chang Lee, San-Chi Chen, Chien-An Liu, Shu-Cheng Chou, I-Cheng Lee, Yi-Hsiang Huang, Jiing-Chyuan Luo, Ming-Chih Hou, Jaw-Ching Wu, Chien-Wei Su Journal of the Chinese Medical Association.2025; 88(12): 915. CrossRef
CDCA3 Regulates Tumor-Associated Macrophages Polarize to Promote the Malignant Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Shanmei Lyu, Enqin Wang, Juan Lyu, Hongkun Xu, Daochang Zhang, Zhijun Fang, Lihong Zhang Journal of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.2025; Volume 12: 3029. CrossRef
Second line therapy after failure of sorafenib continues to be under study. Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma is measured in months, with median overall survival reaching 10.7 months with sorafenib. Because of the modest net benefit sorafenib has contributed, and rising incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the world, continued efforts are ongoing to look for efficient upfront, second line, or combination therapies. Herein we review the most relevant to date published literature on treatment options beyond sorafenib, reported studies, ongoing investigational efforts, and possibilities for future studies in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Construction of a multifunctional drug-delivery platform with fluorescence sensing and β-elemene loading for inhibiting the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells Chaoyu Liu, Xiuhong Pan, Zhen Xiao, Mingyu Qiao, Zhe Tian, Guiyou Wu, Zhongshi Huang, Xiaoying Zhu Journal of Molecular Structure.2026; 1354: 144865. CrossRef
Calculus bovis inhibits liver cancer via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway Jian-Qiang Chen, Xiang Lan World Journal of Gastroenterology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Advancements in elucidating the mechanisms of Sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma Chen Huang, Yangqian Li, Fengmei Zhang, Chenliang Zhang, Zhenyu Ding International Journal of Surgery.2025; 111(4): 2990. CrossRef
Exploring the enhanced stability and therapeutic efficacy of Sorafenib-Cyclodextrin inclusion complex Snehal K. Shukla, Mimansa Goyal, Dipti D. Kanabar, Seyoum Ayehunie, Bhavesh Deore, Carlos A. Sanhueza, Aaron Muth, Vivek Gupta Journal of Molecular Liquids.2024; 401: 124701. CrossRef
Therapeutic Effects of Natural Products on Liver Cancer and Their Potential Mechanisms Jinhong Guo, Wenjie Yan, Hao Duan, Diandian Wang, Yaxi Zhou, Duo Feng, Yue Zheng, Shiqi Zhou, Gaigai Liu, Xia Qin Nutrients.2024; 16(11): 1642. CrossRef
Construction of a Novel Diagnostic Model Based on Ferroptosis-Related Genes for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Machine and Deep Learning Methods Shiming Yi, Chunlei Zhang, Ming Li, Jiafeng Wang, Zhongjie Shi Journal of Oncology.2023; 2023: 1. CrossRef
Knockdown of long non-coding RNA LINC01006 represses the development of hepatocellular carcinoma by modulating the miR-194-5p/CADM1 axis Zhaoxia Sun, Li Zhao, Shuang Wang, Honggang Wang Annals of Hepatology.2022; 27: 100571. CrossRef
Remifentanil reduces the proliferation, migration and invasion of HCC cells via lncRNA NBR2/miR‐650/TIMP3 axis Wei Liang, Jinyuan Ke International Journal of Experimental Pathology.2022; 103(2): 44. CrossRef
Comparison of the outcomes between sorafenib and lenvatinib as the first-line systemic treatment for HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma: a propensity score matching analysis Na Ryung Choi, Ju Yeon Kim, Ji Hoon Hong, Moon Haeng Hur, Heejin Cho, Min Kyung Park, Jihye Kim, Yun Bin Lee, Eun Ju Cho, Jeong-Hoon Lee, Su Jong Yu, Jung-Hwan Yoon, Yoon Jun Kim BMC Gastroenterology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
The pathogenesis of liver cancer and the therapeutic potential of bioactive substances Song Gao, Xingyue Jiang, Liang Wang, Shanshan Jiang, Hanyuan Luo, Yan Chen, Cheng Peng Frontiers in Pharmacology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Potential Therapeutic Strategies to Combat HCC Sidra Altaf, Faiza Saleem, Azam Ali Sher, Ashiq Ali Current Molecular Pharmacology.2022; 15(7): 929. CrossRef
Lenvatinib is independently associated with the reduced risk of progressive disease when compared with sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma Soojin Kim, Kyung Hyun Kim, Beom Kyung Kim, Jun Yong Park, Sang Hoon Ahn, Do Young Kim, Seung Up Kim Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2021; 36(5): 1317. CrossRef
Application of self-assembly peptides targeting the mitochondria as a novel treatment for sorafenib-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma cells Tae Ho Hong, M. T. Jeena, Ok-Hee Kim, Kee-Hwan Kim, Ho Joong Choi, Kyung Hee Lee, Ha-Eun Hong, Ja-Hyoung Ryu, Say-June Kim Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Long Non-coding RNA MAFG-AS1 Promotes Cell Proliferation, Migration, and EMT by miR-3196/STRN4 in Drug-Resistant Cells of Liver Cancer Tianming Chen, Bin Huang, Yaozhen Pan Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Validation of Pre-/Post-TACE-Predict Models among Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Receiving Transarterial Chemoembolization David Sooik Kim, Beom Kyung Kim, Jae Seung Lee, Hye Won Lee, Jun Yong Park, Do Young Kim, Sang Hoon Ahn, Seung Up Kim Cancers.2021; 14(1): 67. CrossRef
Efficacy and Safety of Lenvatinib Therapy for Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma in a Real-World Practice in Korea Myung Ji Goh, Joo Hyun Oh, Yewan Park, Jihye Kim, Wonseok Kang, Dong Hyun Sinn, Geum-Youn Gwak, Yong-Han Paik, Moon Seok Choi, Joon Hyeok Lee, Kwang Cheol Koh, Seung Woon Paik Liver Cancer.2021; 10(1): 52. CrossRef
Tumor-Stroma Crosstalk Enhances REG3A Expressions that Drive the Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Yuri Cho, Min Ji Park, Koeun Kim, Jae-Young Park, Jihye Kim, Wonjin Kim, Jung-Hwan Yoon International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2020; 21(2): 472. CrossRef
Risk Factors for Liver Function Deterioration after Transarterial Chemoembolization Refractoriness in Child-Pugh Class A Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients Kang Hyun Park, Jeong Han Kim, Won Hyeok Choe, So Young Kwon, Byung Chul Yoo, Jin Ho Hwang, Sang Woo Park, Young Jun Kim, Hee Sun Park, Mi Hye Yu, Hae Jeong Jeon The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2020; 75(3): 147. CrossRef
Formulation, Preparation and Evaluation of Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Containing Naringin and Coix Seed Oil for Anti-Tumor Application Based on “Unification of Medicines and Excipients”
Jiayi Zhu, Yanling Huang, Jiquan Zhang, Yi Feng, Lan Shen Drug Design, Development and Therapy.2020; Volume 14: 1481. CrossRef
EpCAM-high liver cancer stem cells resist natural killer cell–mediated cytotoxicity by upregulating CEACAM1 Dong Jun Park, Pil Soo Sung, Jung-Hee Kim, Gil Won Lee, Jeong Won Jang, Eun Sun Jung, Si Hyun Bae, Jong Young Choi, Seung Kew Yoon Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer.2020; 8(1): e000301. CrossRef
Effectiveness of nivolumab versus regorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma patients who failed sorafenib treatment Cheol-Hyung Lee, Yun Bin Lee, Minseok Albert Kim, Heejoon Jang, Hyunwoo Oh, Sun Woong Kim, Eun Ju Cho, Kyung-Hun Lee, Jeong-Hoon Lee, Su Jong Yu, Jung-Hwan Yoon, Tae-You Kim, Yoon Jun Kim Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2020; 26(3): 328. CrossRef
Infiltration of T Cells and Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1-expressing Macrophages as a Potential Predictor of Lenvatinib Response in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Pil Soo Sung, Sung Woo Cho, Jaejun Lee, Hyun Yang, Jeong Won Jang, Si Hyun Bae, Jong Young Choi, Seung Kew Yoon Journal of Liver Cancer.2020; 20(2): 128. CrossRef
The disubstituted adamantyl derivative LW1564 inhibits the growth of cancer cells by targeting mitochondrial respiration and reducing hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α accumulation Inhyub Kim, Minkyoung Kim, Min Kyung Park, Ravi Naik, Jae Hyung Park, Bo-Kyung Kim, Yongseok Choi, Kwan Young Chang, Misun Won, Hyun Seung Ban, Kyeong Lee Experimental & Molecular Medicine.2020; 52(11): 1845. CrossRef
Napabucasin Reduces Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Ya Li, Qiuju Han, Huajun Zhao, Quanjuan Guo, Jian Zhang Frontiers in Pharmacology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Control of intracranial disease is associated with improved survival in patients with brain metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma Hee Chul Nam, Pil Soo Sung, Do Seon Song, Jung Hyun Kwon, Soon Woo Nam, Dong Jin Yoon, Jeong Won Jang, Jong Young Choi, Seung Kew Yoon, Seok Whan Moon, Hong Seok Jang, Jae-Sung Park, Sin-Soo Jeun, Yong-Kil Hong, Si Hyun Bae International Journal of Clinical Oncology.2019; 24(6): 666. CrossRef
Development of a New Nomogram Including Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio to Predict Survival in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Undergoing Transarterial Chemoembolization Young Eun Chon, Hana Park, Hye Kyung Hyun, Yeonjung Ha, Mi Na Kim, Beom Kyung Kim, Joo Ho Lee, Seung Up Kim, Do Young Kim, Sang Hoon Ahn, Seong Gyu Hwang, Kwang-Hyub Han, Kyu Sung Rim, Jun Yong Park Cancers.2019; 11(4): 509. CrossRef
Transarterial Chemoembolization in Treatment-Naïve and Recurrent Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Propensity-Matched Outcome Analysis David Sooik Kim, Tae Seop Lim, Mi Young Jeon, Beom Kyung Kim, Jun Yong Park, Do Young Kim, Sang Hoon Ahn, Kwang-Hyub Han, Oidov Baatarkhuu, Seung Up Kim Digestive Diseases and Sciences.2019; 64(12): 3660. CrossRef
Preclinical efficacy of a novel dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, CMG002, alone and in combination with sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma Mi Na Kim, Seung Min Lee, Jin Sung Kim, Seong Gyu Hwang Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology.2019; 84(4): 809. CrossRef
Novel Albumin–Bilirubin Grade-Based Risk Prediction Model for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Undergoing Chemoembolization Jung Hee Kim, Dong Hyun Sinn, Jeong-Hoon Lee, Dongho Hyun, Sung Ki Cho, Sung Wook Shin, Young Chang, Yoon Jun Kim, Jung-Hwan Yoon, Wonseok Kang, Geum-Youn Gwak, Yong-Han Paik, Joon Hyeok Lee, Kwang Cheol Koh, Seung Woon Paik, Moon Seok Choi Digestive Diseases and Sciences.2018; 63(4): 1062. CrossRef
RETRACTED: LncRNA NR2F1‐AS1 regulates hepatocellular carcinoma oxaliplatin resistance by targeting ABCC1 via miR‐363 Hai Huang, Jie Chen, Cheng‐Ming Ding, Xin Jin, Ze‐Ming Jia, Jian Peng Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.2018; 22(6): 3238. CrossRef
Natural Killer Cell Dysfunction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Pathogenesis and Clinical Implications Pil Soo Sung, Jeong Won Jang International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2018; 19(11): 3648. CrossRef
First
Prev
