Yu Shi, Ruoqi Zhou, Seung Up Kim, Terry Cheuk-Fung Yip, Salvatore Petta, Elisabetta Bugianesi, Masato Yoneda, Manuel Romero-Gomez, Emmanuel Tsochatzis, Philip Newsome, Hannes Hagström, George Boon-Bee Goh, Wah-Kheong Chan, José-Luis Calleja, Jerome Boursier, Arun J. Sanyal, Jian-Gao Fan, Laurent Castera, Victor de Lédinghen, Michelle Lai, Xiao-Dong Zhou, Vincent Wai-Sun Wong, Ming-Hua Zheng, on behalf of VCTE-Prognosis Study Group
Clin Mol Hepatol 2026;32(3):1333-1348. Published online May 20, 2026
Background/Aims Liver stiffness measurement (LSM) is a key tool for risk stratification in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), yet static thresholds fail to capture dynamic transition across risk strata. We aimed to characterize LSM-risk transitions and develop a time-updated, individualized model for predicting state transitions, liver-related events and death (LREs/death).
Methods In a real-world MASLD cohort, we applied a multi-state, time-homogeneous Markov model to quantify annual transition probabilities and mean state occupancy times across LSM-defined low-, intermediate-, and high-risk strata. A Markov model incorporating age, sex, type 2 diabetes (T2D), hypertension was used to generate individualized, time-updated risk trajectories and probabilities of LREs/death.
Results Among 11,514 MASLD individuals with ≥2 vibration-controlled transient elastography assessments, the low-risk category demonstrated notable stability, with 92% remaining unchanged at 1 year and a mean occupancy time of 8.43 years (95% confidence interval [CI] 7.94–8.95). Contrarily, the intermediate-risk category was highly dynamic, with only 39% remaining unchanged after 1 year and a mean occupancy time of 0.92 years (95% CI 0.88–0.96). T2D, hypertension, and obesity substantially shorten low-risk occupancy time, whereas antidiabetic medication was associated with more favorable transitions. Finally, we developed a dynamic, multi-state Markov model integrating longitudinal LSM-defined risk states with relevant covariates to generate individualized predictions of state transitions and risks of LREs/death.
Conclusions LSM-based strata in MASLD represent distinct and meaningful dynamic trajectories. In particular, the marked instability of the intermediate-risk state supports more frequent reassessment. By quantifying transition pathways and time-updated risks of LREs/death, this model may inform the personalized surveillance intervals and risk-adapted management.
Background/Aims Wilson’s disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism caused by Atp7b mutations. In this study, a novel gene therapy for WD was developed, and its efficacy and safety were evaluated in relevant animal models.
Methods Codon-optimized full-length or truncated ATP7B (tATP7B) genes were assembled with liver-specific mini promoters to construct an adeno-associated virus serotype 8 vector (AAV8). The expression and activity of these vectors were evaluated in HepG2 cells. AAV8-tATP7B viral particles were produced using a triple-plasmid cotransfection system under good manufacturing practice conditions. Long-term efficacy was evaluated in Atp7b-/- mice at three doses (5×10¹¹, 5×10¹², and 1×10¹³ vg/kg). Single-dose toxicity was assessed over 13 weeks in Sprague– Dawley rats and cynomolgus macaques.
Results In HepG2 cells, the ability of the tATP7B to export copper was comparable to that of the full-length protein, but the expression efficiency was greater. Alkaline gel electrophoresis confirmed its better compatibility with AAV packaging limits while maintaining genomic integrity, supporting its selection for AAV8-tATP7B production. In a 24- week study in Atp7b-/- mice, AAV8-tATP7B restored copper homeostasis and liver function in a dose-dependent manner and significantly reversed existing liver injury. Toxicity studies in Sprague‒Dawley rats and cynomolgus monkeys revealed no systemic toxicity, whereas reversible liver changes were observed in cynomolgus monkeys at high doses; thus, 6×10¹³ vg/kg was established as the maximum tolerated dose.
Conclusions These results establish the efficacy and safety profile of AAV8-tATP7B and provide the rationale for its clinical translation in patients with WD.
Joseph Rabbat, Boyu Yang, Hye Won Lee, Huapeng Lin, Emmanuel Tsochatzis, Salvatore Petta, Elisabetta Bugianesi, Masato Yoneda, Ming-Hua Zheng, Hannes Hagström, Jérôme Boursier, José Luis Calleja, George Boon-Bee Goh, Wah-Kheong Chan, Rocio Gallego-Durán, Arun J. Sanyal, Victor de Lédinghen, Philip N Newsome, Jian-Gao Fan, Laurent Castéra, Michelle Lai, Céline Fournier-Poizat, Grace Lai-Hung Wong, Mirko Zoncape, Grazia Pennisi, Angelo Armandi, Atsushi Nakajima, Wen-Yue Liu, Ying Shang, Marc de Saint-Loup, Elba Llop, Kevin Kim Jun Teh, Carmen Lara-Romero, Amon Asgharpour, Sara Mahgoub, Mandy Sau-Wai Chan, Clemence M Canivet, Manuel Romero-Gomez, Vincent Wai-Sun Wong, Seung Up Kim, Terry Cheuk-Fung Yip
Clin Mol Hepatol 2026;32(1):289-304. Published online November 11, 2025
Background/Aims Current guidelines recommend a 2-step approach for identifying advanced fibrosis in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), using Fibrosis-4 index (FIB-4) followed by liver stiffness measurement (LSM) via vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE). However, some patients may exhibit discordant results. This study evaluates the histological severity and outcomes in patients with discordant FIB-4 and LSM results.
Methods This secondary analysis of the VCTE-Prognosis study included 12,950 patients evaluated for MASLD at 16 tertiary centers, of whom 2,915 underwent liver biopsy. Patients were categorized into four groups based on established FIB-4 (1.3) and LSM (8 kPa) cutoffs.
Results F3–F4 fibrosis was observed in 6.4%, 13.7%, 30.6%, and 62.4% in low-FIB-4-low-LSM (n=6,403), high-FIB-4-low-LSM (n=3,017), low-FIB-4-high-LSM (n=1,363), and high-FIB-4-high-LSM (n=2,167) groups, respectively. During a median follow-up of 47.4 months, 248 patients experienced hepatic decompensation, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver transplantation, or liver-related death. The incidence rates of liver-related events (LREs) were 0.67, 1.19, 2.58, and 21.30 per 1,000 person-years, respectively. Compared to low-FIB-4-low-LSM patients, those with low-FIB-4-high-LSM (adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio [aSHR] 4.12) and high-FIB-4-high-LSM (aSHR 21.38) had a significantly higher risk of LREs, while high-FIB-4-low-LSM patients did not. Similar findings were observed when hepatic decompensation and hepatocellular carcinoma were analyzed separately.
Conclusions Approximately 30% of patients in tertiary centers exhibit discordant FIB-4 and LSM results, with LSM more likely reflecting true severity. While some patients with discordant results may have advanced fibrosis, the overall incidence of LREs remains low.
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