Correspondence to editorial on “Non-contrast magnetic resonance imaging for detection of late recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after curative treatment: a prospective multicenter comparison to contrast-enhanced computed tomography” Dong Ho Lee Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2026; 32(2): e221. CrossRef
Haneulsaem Shin, Yeon Woo Jung, Beom Kyung Kim, Jun Yong Park, Do Young Kim, Sang Hoon Ahn, Kwang-Hyub Han, Yeun-Yoon Kim, Jin-Young Choi, Seung Up Kim
Clin Mol Hepatol 2019;25(4):390-399. Published online May 31, 2019
Background/Aims A risk prediction model for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from indeterminate nodules detected on computed tomography (CT) (RadCT score) in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB)-related cirrhosis was proposed. We validated this model for indeterminate nodules on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Methods Between 2013 and 2016, Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) 2/3 nodules on MRI were detected in 99 patients with CHB. The RadCT score was calculated.
Results The median age of the 72 male and 27 female subjects was 58 years. HCC history and liver cirrhosis were found in 47 (47.5%) and 44 (44.4%) patients, respectively. The median RadCT score was 112. The patients with HCC (n=41, 41.4%) showed significantly higher RadCT scores than those without (median, 119 vs. 107; P=0.013); the Chinese university-HCC and risk estimation for HCC in CHB (REACH-B) scores were similar (both P>0.05). Arterial enhancement, T2 hyperintensity, and diffusion restriction on MRI were not significantly different in the univariate analysis (all P>0.05); only the RadCT score significantly predicted HCC (hazard ratio [HR]=1.018; P=0.007). Multivariate analysis showed HCC history was the only independent HCC predictor (HR=2.374; P=0.012). When the subjects were stratified into three risk groups based on the RadCT score (<60, 60–105, and >105), the cumulative HCC incidence was not significantly different among them (all P>0.05, log-rank test).
Conclusions HCC history, but not RadCT score, predicted CHB-related HCC development from LI-RADS 2/3 nodules. New risk models optimized for MRI-defined indeterminate nodules are required.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Comparison between Nivolumab and Regorafenib as Second-line Systemic Therapies after Sorafenib Failure in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Hong Jun Lee, Jae Seung Lee, Hyesung So, Ja Kyung Yoon, Jin-Young Choi, Hye Won Lee, Beom Kyung Kim, Seung Up Kim, Jun Yong Park, Sang Hoon Ahn, Do Young Kim Yonsei Medical Journal.2024; 65(7): 371. CrossRef
Post-operative recurrence of liver cancer according to antiviral therapy for detectable hepatitis B viremia: A nationwide study Byungyoon Yun, Sang Hoon Ahn, Juyeon Oh, Jin-Ha Yoon, Beom Kyung Kim European Journal of Internal Medicine.2023; 107: 66. CrossRef
Early Detection of Hepatocarcinogenicity in Rats Using MRI with Ferric–Tannic Nanoparticles Jannarong Intakhad, Arpamas Vachiraarunwong, Jantira Sanit, Aiyarin Kittilukkana, Sarawut Kongkarnka, Rawiwan Wongpoomchai, Chalermchai Pilapong Analytical Chemistry.2023; 95(27): 10241. CrossRef
Cysteine‐rich intestinal protein 1 enhances the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma via Ras signaling Hong‐Yu He, Li Hu The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences.2022; 38(1): 49. CrossRef
Episodic Detectable Viremia Does Not Affect Prognosis in Untreated Compensated Cirrhosis With Serum Hepatitis B Virus DNA <2,000 IU/mL Hye Won Lee, Soo Young Park, Yu Rim Lee, Hyein Lee, Jae Seung Lee, Seung Up Kim, Jun Yong Park, Do Young Kim, Sang Hoon Ahn, Beom Kyung Kim American Journal of Gastroenterology.2022; 117(2): 288. CrossRef
Long‐term renal safety between patients with chronic hepatitis B receiving tenofovir vs. entecavir therapy: A multicenter study Young Eun Chon, Soo Young Park, Seung Up Kim, Han Pyo Hong, Jae Seung Lee, Hye Won Lee, Mi Na Kim, Jun Yong Park, Do Young Kim, Sang Hoon Ahn, Beom Kyung Kim Journal of Viral Hepatitis.2022; 29(4): 289. CrossRef
Expression Profiles and Prognostic Value of Multiple Inhibitory Checkpoints in Head and Neck Lymphoepithelioma-Like Carcinoma Wen-Qing Zou, Wei-Jie Luo, Yan-Fen Feng, Fang Liu, Shao-Bo Liang, Xue-Liang Fang, Ye-Lin Liang, Na Liu, Ya-Qin Wang, Yan-Ping Mao Frontiers in Immunology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
External Validation of the FSAC Model Using On-Therapy Changes in Noninvasive Fibrosis Markers in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B: A Multicenter Study Jae Seung Lee, Hyun Woong Lee, Tae Seop Lim, In Kyung Min, Hye Won Lee, Seung Up Kim, Jun Yong Park, Do Young Kim, Sang Hoon Ahn, Beom Kyung Kim Cancers.2022; 14(3): 711. CrossRef
Validation of risk prediction scores for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with entecavir or tenofovir Jin Won Chang, Jae Seung Lee, Hye Won Lee, Beom Kyung Kim, Jun Yong Park, Do Young Kim, Sang Hoon Ahn, Yeon Seok Seo, Han Ah Lee, Mi Na Kim, Yu Rim Lee, Seong Gyu Hwang, Kyu Sung Rim, Soon Ho Um, Won Young Tak, Young Oh Kweon, Soo Young Park, Seung Up Kim Journal of Viral Hepatitis.2021; 28(1): 95. CrossRef
Lenvatinib is independently associated with the reduced risk of progressive disease when compared with sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma Soojin Kim, Kyung Hyun Kim, Beom Kyung Kim, Jun Yong Park, Sang Hoon Ahn, Do Young Kim, Seung Up Kim Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2021; 36(5): 1317. CrossRef
Validation of the HCC‐RESCUE score to predict hepatocellular carcinoma risk in Caucasian chronic hepatitis B patients under entecavir or tenofovir therapy Fatih Güzelbulut, Pınar Gökçen, Güray Can, Gupse Adalı, Ayça Gökçen Değirmenci Saltürk, Özgür Bahadır, Kamil Özdil, Hamdi Levent Doğanay Journal of Viral Hepatitis.2021; 28(5): 826. CrossRef
Predictors of Complete Response in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treated with Trans-Arterial Radioembolization Yuna Kim, Jae Seung Lee, Hye Won Lee, Beom Kyung Kim, Jun Yong Park, Do Young Kim, Sang Hoon Ahn, Seung Up Kim Current Oncology.2021; 28(1): 965. CrossRef
External validation of CAGE‐B and SAGE‐B scores for Asian chronic hepatitis B patients with well‐controlled viremia by antivirals Jung Hyun Ji, Soo Young Park, Won Jeong Son, Hye Jung Shin, Hyein Lee, Hye Won Lee, Jae Seung Lee, Seung Up Kim, Jun Yong Park, Do Young Kim, Sang Hoon Ahn, Beom Kyung Kim Journal of Viral Hepatitis.2021; 28(6): 951. CrossRef
Effect of antiviral therapy in patients with low HBV DNA level on transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma Myung Pyo Kim, Jae Kook Yang, Baek Gyu Jun, Young Don Kim, Gab Jin Cheon, Hee Jae Jung, Jeong‐Ju Yoo, Sang Gyune Kim, Young Seok Kim, Soung Won Jeong, Jae Young Jang, Hong Soo Kim, Sae Hwan Lee Journal of Viral Hepatitis.2021; 28(7): 1011. CrossRef
Treatment efficacy by hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy vs. sorafenib after liver-directed concurrent chemoradiotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma Sojung Han, Hye Jin Choi, Seung-Hoon Beom, Hye Rim Kim, Hyein Lee, Jae Seung Lee, Hye Won Lee, Jun Yong Park, Seung Up Kim, Do Young Kim, Sang Hoon Ahn, Kwang-Hyub Han, Jinsil Seong, Jong Yun Won, Beom Kyung Kim Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology.2021; 147(10): 3123. CrossRef
Individualized surveillance of chronic hepatitis B patients according to hepatocellular carcinoma risk based on PAGE-B scores Ji Hyun Kim, Seong Hee Kang, Minjong Lee, Hoon Sung Choi, Baek Gyu Jun, Tae Suk Kim, Dae Hee Choi, Ki Tae Suk, Moon Young Kim, Young Don Kim, Gab Jin Cheon, Soon Koo Baik, Dong Joon Kim European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology.2021; 33(12): 1564. CrossRef
Effect of tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on hepatocellular carcinoma risk in chronic hepatitis B Hye Won Lee, Young Youn Cho, Hyein Lee, Jae Seung Lee, Seung Up Kim, Jun Yong Park, Do Young Kim, Sang Hoon Ahn, Beom Kyung Kim, Soo Young Park Journal of Viral Hepatitis.2021; 28(11): 1570. CrossRef
Metformin and Dichloroacetate Suppress Proliferation of Liver Cancer Cells by Inhibiting mTOR Complex 1 Tae Suk Kim, Minjong Lee, Minji Park, Sae Yun Kim, Min Suk Shim, Chea Yeon Lee, Dae Hee Choi, Yuri Cho International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 22(18): 10027. CrossRef
Novel Liver Stiffness-Based Nomogram for Predicting Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection Initiating Antiviral Therapy Jae Seung Lee, Hyun Woong Lee, Tae Seop Lim, Hye Jung Shin, Hye Won Lee, Seung Up Kim, Jun Yong Park, Do Young Kim, Sang Hoon Ahn, Beom Kyung Kim Cancers.2021; 13(23): 5892. CrossRef
Improved detection of hepatocellular carcinoma by dynamic computed tomography in cirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis B: A multicenter study Ji Hyun Kim, Seong Hee Kang, Minjong Lee, Hoon Sung Choi, Baek Gyu Jun, Tae Suk Kim, Dae Hee Choi, Ki Tae Suk, Moon Young Kim, Young Don Kim, Gab Jin Cheon, Soon Koo Baik, Dong Joon Kim Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2020; 35(10): 1795. CrossRef
Gadoxetic acid, a hepatocyte-specific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent, has emerged as an important tool for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) diagnosis. Gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI is useful for the evaluation of earlystage HCC, diagnosis of HCC precursor lesions, and highly sensitive diagnosis of HCC. Furthermore, functional information provided by gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI can aid in the characterization of focal liver lesions. For example, whereas lesions lack functioning hepatocytes appear hypointense in the hepatobiliary phase, preserved or enhanced expression of organic anion transporting polypeptides in some HCCs as well as focal nodular hyperplasia lead to hyperintensity in the hepatobiliary phase; and a targetoid appearance on transitional phase or hepatobiliary phase imaging can be helpful for identifying the histopathological composition of tumors. While gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI may improve the sensitivity of HCC diagnosis and provide new insights into the characterization of focal liver lesions, there are many challenges associated with its use. This article reviews the pros and cons of HCC diagnosis with gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI and discuss some clues in the radiological differentiation of HCC from HCC mimickers.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
To Biopsy or Not to Biopsy? Re-examining the Role of Tissue Diagnosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Kaushal Madan, Ashish Kumar Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology.2026; 16(1): 103209. CrossRef
Shrinking hemangiomas amid advancing cirrhosis: A report of 2 cases Hari Movva, Christo Mathew, Shiv Patel, Jimmy George, Vikas Burugu, Peeyush Bhargava Radiology Case Reports.2026; 21(4): 1429. CrossRef
Clinical significance of gadoxetate sodium-enhanced MRI for detecting liver metastasis in patients with pancreatic cancer: decadal real-world data analysis in Japan Atsushi Oba, Tomoyuki Taguchi, Naoto Fujikawa, Suguru Okami, Takashi Tsuji, Alexander Michel, Satoshi Goshima Journal of Gastroenterology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
MMP-9-responsive probe for fluorescence-magnetic resonance dual-mode imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma models with different metastatic capacities Qiuye Wang, Yabing Sun, Liangxue Lai, Haijing Cui, Yonglong Ye, Ming Yang, Weihao Zhu, Bo Yuan, Quanliang Mao, Wenzhi Ren, Aiguo Wu Chinese Chemical Letters.2025; 36(4): 110212. CrossRef
Multiphase Computed Tomography Scan Findings for Artificial Intelligence Training in the Differentiation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Based on Interobserver Agreement of Expert Abdominal Radiologists Nakarin Inmutto, Suwalee Pojchamarnwiputh, Wittanee Na Chiangmai Diagnostics.2025; 15(7): 821. CrossRef
Diagnostic performances of adding transition and hepatobiliary phase to washout in gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI for subcentimeter hepatocellular carcinoma Li Yang, Shengxiang Rao, Kaipu Jin, Lifang Wu, Mengsu Zeng, Ying Ding BMC Gastroenterology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Recent Advances in Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Diagnosis of Liver Cancer: A Comprehensive Review Faisal Alshomrani Diagnostics.2025; 15(16): 2016. CrossRef
Predicting hepatic perfusion and clearance in hepatocellular carcinoma patients using Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI Jinghui Feng, Xukun Zhang, Jinpeng Tan, Minghao Han, Dongxue Qi, Xiaoying Wang, Lihua Zhang Asian Journal of Surgery.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Intra-patient and inter-observer image quality analysis in liver MRI study with gadoxetic acid using two different multi-arterial phase techniques Francesca Castagnoli, Riccardo Faletti, Riccardo Inchingolo, Alberta Villanacci, Valeria Ruggeri, Domenico Zacà, Dow-Mu Koh, Luigi Grazioli British Journal of Radiology.2024; 97(1156): 868. CrossRef
Prognostic significance of MRI features in patients with solitary large hepatocellular carcinoma following surgical resection Kyowon Gu, Ji Hye Min, Jeong Hyun Lee, Jaeseung Shin, Woo Kyoung Jeong, Young Kon Kim, Honsoul Kim, Sun-Young Baek, Jong Man Kim, Gyu Seong Choi, Jinsoo Rhu, Sang Yun Ha European Radiology.2024; 34(11): 7002. CrossRef
Review of imaging findings in hepatic veno-occlusive disease Samuel Simpson, Elliot Breshears, Deepashri Basavalingu, Garvit Khatri, Sherwin Chan, John Fite, Paul Swanson, Manjiri Dighe European Journal of Radiology.2024; 177: 111526. CrossRef
Clinical applications, safety profiles, and future developments of contrast agents in modern radiology: A comprehensive review Reabal Najjar iRADIOLOGY.2024; 2(5): 430. CrossRef
Suspected focal nodular hyperplasia in male adults: 10-year experience from a large liver centre Carmelo Corallo, Joshua Bell, Adam Laverty, Maryam Mohsin, Raj Prasad, Raneem Albazaz Abdominal Radiology.2023; 48(7): 2292. CrossRef
Gadoxetic acid in hepatocellular carcinoma and liver metastases: pearls and pitfalls H.M. Kwok, C.M. Chau, H.C.H. Lee, T. Wong, H.F. Chan, W.H. Luk, W.T.A. Yung, L.F. Cheng, K.F.J. Ma Clinical Radiology.2023; 78(10): 715. CrossRef
Consensus report from the 10th Global Forum for Liver Magnetic Resonance Imaging: developments in HCC management Bachir Taouli, Ahmed Ba-Ssalamah, Julius Chapiro, Jagpreet Chhatwal, Kathryn Fowler, Tae Wook Kang, Gesine Knobloch, Dow-Mu Koh, Masatoshi Kudo, Jeong Min Lee, Takamichi Murakami, David J. Pinato, Kristina I. Ringe, Bin Song, Parissa Tabrizian, Jin Wang, European Radiology.2023; 33(12): 9152. CrossRef
External Validation of the FSAC Model Using On-Therapy Changes in Noninvasive Fibrosis Markers in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B: A Multicenter Study Jae Seung Lee, Hyun Woong Lee, Tae Seop Lim, In Kyung Min, Hye Won Lee, Seung Up Kim, Jun Yong Park, Do Young Kim, Sang Hoon Ahn, Beom Kyung Kim Cancers.2022; 14(3): 711. CrossRef
Dual-domain unsupervised network for removing motion artifact related to Gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI Chongxin Bai, Kewen Liu, Shi Chen, Zhao Li, Weida Xie, Qingjia Bao, Chaoyang Liu Journal of Physics: Conference Series.2022; 2258(1): 012037. CrossRef
Gadoxetate-Enhanced MRI as a Diagnostic Tool in the Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Report from a 2020 Asia-Pacific Multidisciplinary Expert Meeting Cher Heng Tan, Shu-cheng Chou, Nakarin Inmutto, Ke Ma, RuoFan Sheng, YingHong Shi, Zhongguo Zhou, Akira Yamada, Ryosuke Tateishi Korean Journal of Radiology.2022; 23(7): 697. CrossRef
Hepatocellular carcinoma pathologic grade prediction using radiomics and machine learning models of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI: a two-center study Yeo Eun Han, Yongwon Cho, Min Ju Kim, Beom Jin Park, Deuk Jae Sung, Na Yeon Han, Ki Choon Sim, Yang Shin Park, Bit Na Park Abdominal Radiology.2022; 48(1): 244. CrossRef
Hepatobiliary phase of gadoxetic acid–enhanced MRI in patients with HCC: prognostic features before resection, ablation, or TACE Jae Seok Bae, Jung Hoon Kim, Dong Ho Lee, Jae Hyun Kim, Joon Koo Han European Radiology.2021; 31(6): 3627. CrossRef
A Case of Metastatic Melanoma in the Liver Mimicking Hepatocellular Carcinoma Jae-Kyoung So, Ji-Yun Hong, Min-Woo Chung, Sung-Bum Cho Journal of Liver Cancer.2021; 21(1): 92. CrossRef
Treatment efficacy by hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy vs. sorafenib after liver-directed concurrent chemoradiotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma Sojung Han, Hye Jin Choi, Seung-Hoon Beom, Hye Rim Kim, Hyein Lee, Jae Seung Lee, Hye Won Lee, Jun Yong Park, Seung Up Kim, Do Young Kim, Sang Hoon Ahn, Kwang-Hyub Han, Jinsil Seong, Jong Yun Won, Beom Kyung Kim Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology.2021; 147(10): 3123. CrossRef
Effect of tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on hepatocellular carcinoma risk in chronic hepatitis B Hye Won Lee, Young Youn Cho, Hyein Lee, Jae Seung Lee, Seung Up Kim, Jun Yong Park, Do Young Kim, Sang Hoon Ahn, Beom Kyung Kim, Soo Young Park Journal of Viral Hepatitis.2021; 28(11): 1570. CrossRef
The Prognostic Role of On-Treatment Liver Stiffness for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Hye Won Lee, Hyun Woong Lee, Jae Seung Lee, Yun Ho Roh, Hyein Lee, Seung Up Kim, Jun Yong Park, Do Young Kim, Sang Hoon Ahn, Beom Kyung Kim Journal of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.2021; Volume 8: 467. CrossRef
Malignant Tumors Misdiagnosed as Liver Hemangiomas Murat Baki Yıldırım, İbrahim Tayfun Şahiner, Arzu Poyanlı, Bülent Acunaş, Mine Güllüoǧlu, Cem İbiş, Yaman Tekant, İlgin Özden Frontiers in Surgery.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Diagnosis of focal liver lesions with deep learning-based multi-channel analysis of hepatocyte-specific contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging Róbert Stollmayer, Bettina K Budai, Ambrus Tóth, Ildikó Kalina, Erika Hartmann, Péter Szoldán, Viktor Bérczi, Pál Maurovich-Horvat, Pál N Kaposi World Journal of Gastroenterology.2021; 27(35): 5978. CrossRef
Impact of tenofovir alafenamide vs. entecavir on hepatocellular carcinoma risk in patients with chronic hepatitis B Hye Won Lee, Young Youn Cho, Hyein Lee, Jae Seung Lee, Seung Up Kim, Jun Yong Park, Do Young Kim, Sang Hoon Ahn, Beom Kyung Kim, Soo Young Park Hepatology International.2021; 15(5): 1083. CrossRef
Novel Liver Stiffness-Based Nomogram for Predicting Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection Initiating Antiviral Therapy Jae Seung Lee, Hyun Woong Lee, Tae Seop Lim, Hye Jung Shin, Hye Won Lee, Seung Up Kim, Jun Yong Park, Do Young Kim, Sang Hoon Ahn, Beom Kyung Kim Cancers.2021; 13(23): 5892. CrossRef
External validation of CAGE‐B and SAGE‐B scores for Asian chronic hepatitis B patients with well‐controlled viremia by antivirals Jung Hyun Ji, Soo Young Park, Won Jeong Son, Hye Jung Shin, Hyein Lee, Hye Won Lee, Jae Seung Lee, Seung Up Kim, Jun Yong Park, Do Young Kim, Sang Hoon Ahn, Beom Kyung Kim Journal of Viral Hepatitis.2021; 28(6): 951. CrossRef
Natural killer cell activity is a risk factor for the recurrence risk after curative treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma Han Ah Lee, Hyun Gil Goh, Young-Sun Lee, Young Kul Jung, Ji Hoon Kim, Hyung Joon Yim, Min-Goo Lee, Hyunggin An, Yoon Tae Jeen, Jong Eun Yeon, Kwan Soo Byun, Yeon Seok Seo BMC Gastroenterology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Realization of improved outcomes following liver resection in hepatocellular carcinoma patients aged 75 years and older Jong Man Kim, Jinsoo Rhu, Sang Yun Ha, Gyu-Seong Choi, Choon Hyuck David Kwon, Gaabsoo Kim, Jae-Won Joh Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research.2021; 101(5): 257. CrossRef
Imaging After Locoregional Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma With Emphasis on LIRADS Treatment Response Assessment Criteria Gitanjali Bajaj, Karthik Sundaram, Kedar Jambhekar, Roopa Ram Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI.2021; 42(4): 390. CrossRef
Management of indeterminate hepatic nodules and evaluation of factors predicting their malignant potential in patients with colorectal cancer Mizelle D’Silva, Jai Young Cho, Ho-Seong Han, Taupyk Yerlan, Yoo-Seok Yoon, Hae Won Lee, Jun Suh Lee, Boram Lee, Moonhwan Kim Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive fraction of alpha-fetoprotein improves diagnostic accuracy for hepatocellular carcinoma Han Ah Lee, Yoo Ra Lee, Young-Sun Lee, Young Kul Jung, Ji Hoon Kim, Hyunggin An, Hyung Joon Yim, Yoon Tae Jeen, Jong Eun Yeon, Kwan Soo Byun, Yeon Seok Seo World Journal of Gastroenterology.2021; 27(28): 4687. CrossRef
Assessing locoregional treatment response to Hepatocellular Carcinoma: comparison of hepatobiliary contrast agents to extracellular contrast agents Anum Aslam, Amita Kamath, Bradley Spieler, Mark Maschiocchi, Carl F. Sabottke, Victoria Chernyak, Sara C. Lewis Abdominal Radiology.2021; 46(8): 3565. CrossRef
Hepatobiliary phase signal intensity: A potential method of diagnosing HCC with atypical imaging features among LR-M observations Jae Hyon Park, Yong Eun Chung, Nieun Seo, Jin-Young Choi, Mi-Suk Park, Myeong-Jin Kim, Isabelle Chemin PLOS ONE.2021; 16(9): e0257308. CrossRef
Metformin and Dichloroacetate Suppress Proliferation of Liver Cancer Cells by Inhibiting mTOR Complex 1 Tae Suk Kim, Minjong Lee, Minji Park, Sae Yun Kim, Min Suk Shim, Chea Yeon Lee, Dae Hee Choi, Yuri Cho International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 22(18): 10027. CrossRef
Prognosis of Early-Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Comparison between Trans-Arterial Chemoembolization and Radiofrequency Ablation Byung-Yoon Yun, Hye Won Lee, In Kyung Min, Seung Up Kim, Jun Yong Park, Do Young Kim, Sang Hoon Ahn, Beom Kyung Kim Cancers.2020; 12(9): 2527. CrossRef
Appraisal of Long-Term Outcomes of Liver-Directed Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Major Portal Vein Invasion
Sojung Han, Hye Won Lee, Jun Yong Park, Seung Up Kim, Do Young Kim, Sang Hoon Ahn, Kwang-Hyub Han, Jinsil Seong, Jong Yun Won, Dai Hoon Han, Beom Kyung Kim Journal of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.2020; Volume 7: 403. CrossRef
Intraindividual Comparison between Gadoxetate-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Dynamic Computed Tomography for Characterizing Focal Hepatic Lesions: A Multicenter, Multireader Study Chansik An, Chang Hee Lee, Jae Ho Byun, Min Hee Lee, Woo Kyoung Jeong, Sang Hyun Choi, Do Young Kim, Young-Suk Lim, Young Seok Kim, Ji Hoon Kim, Moon Seok Choi, Myeong-Jin Kim Korean Journal of Radiology.2019; 20(12): 1616. CrossRef
Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) is a system for interpreting and reporting of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the liver in patients at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). LI-RADS has been developed to address the limitations of prior imaging-based criteria including the lack of established consensus regarding the exact definitions of imaging features, binary categorization (either definite or not definite HCC), and failure to consider non-HCC malignancies. One of the most important goals of LI-RADS is to facilitate clear communication between all the personnel involved in the diagnosis and treatment of HCC, such as radiologists, hepatologists, surgeons, and pathologists. Therefore, clinicians should also be familiar with LI-RADS. This article reviews the LI-RADS diagnostic algorithm, and the definitions and management implications of LI-RADS categories.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Radiomics-based differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma and dysplastic nodules using noncontrast abbreviated MRI Jun Young Park, Yoonseok Lee, Young Jae Kim, Seung Kak Shin, Kwang Gi Kim DIGITAL HEALTH.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Development of a Better Nomogram for Prediction of Preoperative Microvascular Invasion and Postoperative Prognosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients: A Comparison Study Jinxia Pei, Longsheng Wang, Huan Li Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography.2025; 49(1): 9. CrossRef
Is there a need for a CT scan of the pancreatic phase? A perfusion and simulation study of the pancreas, an HCC, and the kidney cortex Massimo Cressoni, Paolo Cadringher, Anna Colarieti, Fatemeh Darvizeh, Andrea Cozzi, Claudio Cina, Moreno Zanardo, Federico Ambrogi, Davide Ippolito, Francesco Sardanelli RöFo - Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Röntgenstrahlen und der bildgebenden Verfahren.2025; 197(12): 1405. CrossRef
Modified LR-5 criteria based on gadoxetic acid can improve the sensitivity in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma Yan Song, Yue-Yue Zhang, Qin Yu, Rui Ma, Yue Xiao, Jun-Kang Shen, Chao-Gang Wei World Journal of Radiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Diagnostic value of using ancillary features to upgrade LI-RADS from LR-4 to LR-5 observations in the LI-RADS system: a systematic review Mohammad Hossein Golezar, Hamed Ghorani, Sara Hassanzadeh, Mohsen Rastkar, Faeze Salahshour, Reihaneh Mortazavi Ardestani, Shadi Nouri, Shiva Ebrahimi, Niloofar Ayoobi Yazdi Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Based on Gadolinium Ethoxybenzyl DTPA–Enhanced MRI: Diagnostic Performance of the Category-Modified LR-5 Criteria in Patients At Risk for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Shaopeng Li, Kexue Deng, Jun Qiu, Peng Wang, Dawei Yin, Yiju Xie, Yongqiang Yu Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Multimodality imaging of hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma Haneyeh Shahbazian, Mohammad Mirza‐Aghazadeh‐Attari, Ali Borhani, Alireza Mohseni, Seyedeh Panid Madani, Golnoosh Ansari, Timothy M. Pawlik, Ihab R. Kamel Journal of Surgical Oncology.2023; 128(4): 519. CrossRef
What is CEUS LI-RADS? Yasunori MINAMI, Masatoshi KUDO, Yuko KONO Choonpa Igaku.2022; 49(3): 205. CrossRef
Extended application of subtraction arterial phase imaging in LI-RADS version 2018: a strategy to improve the diagnostic performance for hepatocellular carcinoma on gadoxetate disodium–enhanced MRI Seung-seob Kim, Sunyoung Lee, Heejin Bae, Yong Eun Chung, Jin-Young Choi, Mi-Suk Park, Myeong-Jin Kim European Radiology.2021; 31(3): 1620. CrossRef
Integrating baseline MR imaging biomarkers into BCLC and CLIP improves overall survival prediction of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) Mounes Aliyari Ghasabeh, Mohammadreza Shaghaghi, Ankur Pandey, Sanaz Ameli, Bharath Ambale Venkatesh, Angela Jacob, Pallavi Pandey, Bita Hazhirkarzar, Yan Luo, Roya Rezvani Habibabadi, Pegah Khoshpouri, Maryam Ghadimi, Ihab R. Kamel European Radiology.2021; 31(3): 1630. CrossRef
Corona enhancement can substitute enhancing capsule in the imaging diagnosis of small (≤ 3 cm) HCCs on gadoxetic acid–enhanced MRI Ju Hyun Ham, Jeong-Sik Yu, Jeong Min Choi, Eun-Suk Cho, Joo Hee Kim, Jae-Joon Chung European Radiology.2021; 31(11): 8628. CrossRef
Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System Category on Magnetic Resonance Imaging Predicts Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Liver Transplantation Within the Milan Criteria: A Multicenter Study Sunyoung Lee, Kyoung Won Kim, Woo Kyoung Jeong, So Yeong Jeong, Jeong Ah Hwang, Jin Sub Choi, Sung-Gyu Lee, Jae-Won Joh Annals of Surgical Oncology.2021; 28(11): 6782. CrossRef
Should Threshold Growth Be Considered a Major Feature in the Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using LI-RADS? Jae Hyon Park, Yong Eun Chung, Nieun Seo, Jin-Young Choi, Mi-Suk Park, Myeong-Jin Kim Korean Journal of Radiology.2021; 22(10): 1628. CrossRef
Subtraction Images From Portal Venous Phase Gadoxetic Acid–Enhanced MRI for Observing Washout and Enhancing Capsule Features in LI-RADS Version 2018 Jae Won Chung, Jeong-Sik Yu, Jeong Min Choi, Eun-Suk Cho, Joo Hee Kim, Jae-Joon Chung American Journal of Roentgenology.2020; 214(1): 72. CrossRef
Comparison of the diagnostic performance of the 2017 and 2018 versions of LI-RADS for hepatocellular carcinoma on gadoxetic acid enhanced MRI A. Ko, H.J. Park, E.S. Lee, S.B. Park, Y.K. Kim, S.-Y. Choi, S. Ahn Clinical Radiology.2020; 75(4): 319.e1. CrossRef
Targetoid hepatic observations on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI using LI-RADS version 2018: emphasis on hepatocellular carcinomas assigned to the LR-M category H.J. Park, Y.K. Kim, D.I. Cha, S.E. Ko, S. Kim, E.S. Lee, S. Ahn Clinical Radiology.2020; 75(6): 478.e13. CrossRef
Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System Version 2018: What Radiologists Need to Know Ahmed Abdel Khalek Abdel Razek, Lamiaa Galal El-Serougy, Gehad Ahmad Saleh, Walaa Shabana, Rihame Abd El-wahab Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography.2020; 44(2): 168. CrossRef
Deep Learning for Accurate Diagnosis of Liver Tumor Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Clinical Data Shi-hui Zhen, Ming Cheng, Yu-bo Tao, Yi-fan Wang, Sarun Juengpanich, Zhi-yu Jiang, Yan-kai Jiang, Yu-yu Yan, Wei Lu, Jie-min Lue, Jia-hong Qian, Zhong-yu Wu, Ji-hong Sun, Hai Lin, Xiu-jun Cai Frontiers in Oncology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
CT and MRI Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System Version 2018 for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis Sunyoung Lee, Yeun-Yoon Kim, Jaeseung Shin, Shin Hye Hwang, Yun Ho Roh, Yong Eun Chung, Jin-Young Choi Journal of the American College of Radiology.2020; 17(10): 1199. CrossRef
Autoimmune Hepatitis in Cuban Patients: A Retrospective Analysis of Clinical and Histological Profiles, Treatments, and Outcomes Marlen Ivón Castellanos Fernández, Maria Edelina Cepeda Mullo, Deyanira la Rosa Hernández, Hector Vega Sánchez, Licet González Fabian, Robert G. Gish, Ana Luisa Torres González, Zaily Dorta Guridi Current Therapeutic Research.2020; 93: 100594. CrossRef
The need for standardization of nuclear cardiology reporting and data system (NCAD-RADS): Learning from coronary artery disease (CAD), breast imaging (BI), liver imaging (LI), and prostate imaging (PI) RADS Majid Assadi, Erik Velez, Mohammad Hosein Najafi, Ali Gholamrezanezhad Journal of Nuclear Cardiology.2019; 26(2): 660. CrossRef
Radiomics and radiogenomics of primary liver cancers Woo Kyoung Jeong, Neema Jamshidi, Ely Richard Felker, Steven Satish Raman, David Shinkuo Lu Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2019; 25(1): 21. CrossRef
The utility of diffusion-weighted imaging in improving the sensitivity of LI-RADS classification of small hepatic observations suspected of malignancy Mohammad Abd Alkhalik Basha, Rania Refaat, Faten Fawzy Mohammad, Mai E. M. Khamis, Ahmed Mohamed El-Maghraby, Ahmed A. El Sammak, Rania M. Al-Molla, Heba A. E. Mohamed, Ahmad Abdullah Alnaggar, Hanan Abdelhameed Hassan, Taghreed M. Azmy, Ahmed M. Alaa Eld Abdominal Radiology.2019; 44(5): 1773. CrossRef
Is there increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence in liver transplant patients with direct-acting antiviral therapy? Ashokkumar Jain, Danielle Miller, Ian Schreibman, Thomas R. Riley, Karen L. Krok, Takehiko Dohi, Rajeev Sharma, Zakiyah Kadry Hepatology International.2019; 13(2): 190. CrossRef
Digital subtract angiography and lipiodol deposits following embolization in cirrhotic nodules of LIRADS category ≥3 Zhen Kang, Nan Wang, Anhui Xu, Liang Wang European Journal of Radiology Open.2019; 6: 106. CrossRef
Modified CAIPIRINHA-VIBE without view-sharing on gadoxetic acid–enhanced multi-arterial phase MR imaging for diagnosing hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison with the CAIPIRINHA-Dixon-TWIST-VIBE Seung Baek Hong, Nam Kyung Lee, Suk Kim, Hyeong Il Seo, Hyun Sung Kim, Dong Uk Kim, Tae Un Kim, Hwa Seong Ryu European Radiology.2019; 29(7): 3574. CrossRef
Radiomics in hepatocellular carcinoma: a quantitative review Taiga Wakabayashi, Farid Ouhmich, Cristians Gonzalez-Cabrera, Emanuele Felli, Antonio Saviano, Vincent Agnus, Peter Savadjiev, Thomas F. Baumert, Patrick Pessaux, Jacques Marescaux, Benoit Gallix Hepatology International.2019; 13(5): 546. CrossRef
Liver imaging reporting and data system (LI-RADS) v2018: comparison between computed tomography and gadoxetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging Sei Nakao, Masahiro Tanabe, Munemasa Okada, Matakazu Furukawa, Etsushi Iida, Keisuke Miyoshi, Naofumi Matsunaga, Katsuyoshi Ito Japanese Journal of Radiology.2019; 37(9): 651. CrossRef
State-of-the-art MR Imaging of Fat-containing Focal Lesions of the Liver Joanna Podgorska, Agnieszka Anysz-Grodzicka, Andrzej Cieszanowski Current Medical Imaging Formerly Current Medical Imaging Reviews.2019; 15(5): 435. CrossRef
Risk assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma development for indeterminate hepatic nodules in patients with chronic hepatitis B Haneulsaem Shin, Yeon Woo Jung, Beom Kyung Kim, Jun Yong Park, Do Young Kim, Sang Hoon Ahn, Kwang-Hyub Han, Yeun-Yoon Kim, Jin-Young Choi, Seung Up Kim Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2019; 25(4): 390. CrossRef
Hepatocellular carcinoma with central scar on gadoxetic acid-enhanced and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging Sol Bee Han, Young Kon Kim, Ji Hye Min, Sang Yun Ha, Woo Kyung Jeong, Won Jae Lee Acta Radiologica.2018; 59(4): 393. CrossRef
A fully automatic end-to-end method for content-based image retrieval of CT scans with similar liver lesion annotations A. B. Spanier, N. Caplan, J. Sosna, B. Acar, L. Joskowicz International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery.2018; 13(1): 165. CrossRef
Extracellular contrast agent-enhanced MRI: 15-min delayed phase may improve the diagnostic performance for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver disease Si Eun Lee, Chansik An, Shin Hye Hwang, Jin-Young Choi, Kyunghwa Han, Myeong-Jin Kim European Radiology.2018; 28(4): 1551. CrossRef
CAIPIRINHA-Dixon-TWIST (CDT)-VIBE MR imaging of the liver at 3.0T with gadoxetate disodium: a solution for transient arterial-phase respiratory motion-related artifacts? Leonhard Gruber, Vera Rainer, Michaela Plaikner, Christian Kremser, Werner Jaschke, Benjamin Henninger European Radiology.2018; 28(5): 2013. CrossRef
Does a combined CT and MRI protocol enhance the diagnostic efficacy of LI-RADS in the categorization of hepatic observations? A prospective comparative study Mohammad Abd Alkhalik Basha, Mohamad Zakarya AlAzzazy, Ayman F. Ahmed, Hala Y. Yousef, Samar Mohamad Shehata, Dena Abd El Aziz El Sammak, Talaat Fathy, Ahmed Ali Obaya, Eman H. Abdelbary European Radiology.2018; 28(6): 2592. CrossRef
Magnetic resonance imaging ancillary features used in Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System: An illustrative review David Campos-Correia, João Cruz, António P Matos, Filipa Figueiredo, Miguel Ramalho World Journal of Radiology.2018; 10(2): 9. CrossRef
Hepatobiliary MRI as novel selection criteria in liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma Ah Yeong Kim, Dong Hyun Sinn, Woo Kyoung Jeong, Young Kon Kim, Tae Wook Kang, Sang Yun Ha, Chul Keun Park, Gyu Seong Choi, Jong Man Kim, Choon Hyuck David Kwon, Jae-Won Joh, Min-Ji Kim, Insuk Sohn, Sin-Ho Jung, Seung Woon Paik, Won Jae Lee Journal of Hepatology.2018; 68(6): 1144. CrossRef
Bifocal hepatocellular carcinoma: Magnetic resonance imaging features after transarterial embolization Simona Picchia, Maria Antonietta Bali Current Problems in Cancer.2018; 42(3): 319. CrossRef
LI-RADS v2017 for liver nodules: how we read and report Wolfgang Schima, Jay Heiken Cancer Imaging.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
The current role and future prospectives of functional parameters by diffusion weighted imaging in the assessment of histologic grade of HCC Vincenza Granata, Roberta Fusco, Salvatore Filice, Orlando Catalano, Mauro Piccirillo, Raffaele Palaia, Francesco Izzo, Antonella Petrillo Infectious Agents and Cancer.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Potential application of ultrasound-guided thermal ablation in rare liver tumors Li-Li Wu, Jia-Xin Chen, Kai Li, Zhong-Zhen Su, Ying-Lin Long, Li-Ping Luo, Er-Jiao Xu, Rong-Qin Zheng Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International.2018; 17(6): 531. CrossRef
Diagnostic précoce des carcinomes hépatocellulaires A. Luciani, E. Herin, F. Pigneur, J. Calderaro, R. Kharrat, B. Zegai, M. Djabbari, A. Laurent, A. Rahmouni EMC - Radiologie et imagerie médicale - Abdominale - Digestive.2018; 36(1): 1. CrossRef
Major and ancillary magnetic resonance features of LI-RADS to assess HCC: an overview and update Vincenza Granata, Roberta Fusco, Antonio Avallone, Orlando Catalano, Francesco Filice, Maddalena Leongito, Raffaele Palaia, Francesco Izzo, Antonella Petrillo Infectious Agents and Cancer.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Diagnostic efficacy of the Liver Imaging-Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) with CT imaging in categorising small nodules (10–20 mm) detected in the cirrhotic liver at screening ultrasound M. Abd Alkhalik Basha, D. Abd El Aziz El Sammak, A.A. El Sammak Clinical Radiology.2017; 72(10): 901.e1. CrossRef
Close observation versus upfront treatment in hepatocellular carcinoma: are the exception points worth the risk? Danielle M Tholey, Ben Hornung, Charles K Enestvedt, Yiyi Chen, Willscott S Naugler, Khashayar Farsad, Nima Nabavizadeh, Barry Schlansky, Joseph Ahn, Janice H Jou BMJ Open Gastroenterology.2017; 4(1): e000157. CrossRef
Diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis with evidence from 1998 to 2016 Juanjuan Zhang, Yanyan Yu, Ying Li, Lunshou Wei Oncotarget.2017; 8(43): 75418. CrossRef
Critical analysis of the major and ancillary imaging features of LI-RADS on 127 proven HCCs evaluated with functional and morphological MRI: Lights and shadows Vincenza Granata, Roberta Fusco, Antonio Avallone, Francesco Filice, Fabiana Tatangelo, Mauro Piccirillo, Roberto Grassi, Francesco Izzo, Antonella Petrillo Oncotarget.2017; 8(31): 51224. CrossRef
First
Prev
