Steatotic liver diseases (SLD) are the principal worldwide cause of cirrhosis and end-stage liver cancer, affecting nearly a quarter of the global population. SLD includes metabolic dysfunction-associated alcoholic liver disease (MetALD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), resulting in asymptomatic liver steatosis, fibrosis, cirrhosis and associated complications. The immune processes include gut dysbiosis, adiposeliver organ crosstalk, hepatocyte death and immune cell-mediated inflammatory processes. Notably, various immune cells such as B cells, plasma cells, dendritic cells, conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, innate-like T cells, platelets, neutrophils and macrophages play vital roles in the development of MetALD and MASLD. Immunological modulations targeting hepatocyte death, inflammatory reactions and gut microbiome include N-acetylcysteine, selonsertib, F-652, prednisone, pentoxifylline, anakinra, JKB-121, HA35, obeticholic acid, probiotics, prebiotics, antibiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation. Understanding the immunological mechanisms underlying SLD is crucial for advancing clinical therapeutic strategies.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Immune Determinants of MASLD Progression: From Immunometabolic Reprogramming to Fibrotic Transformation Senping Xu, Zhaoshan Zhang, Zhongquan Zhou, Jiawei Guo Biology.2026; 15(2): 148. CrossRef
Unveiling the distinctive gut microbiota and metabolites in liver cirrhosis and its complications: Novel diagnostic biomarkers: Editorial on “Gut microbiome and metabolome signatures in liver cirrhosis-related complications” Soon Kyu Lee, Jong Young Choi Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2025; 31(1): 301. CrossRef
Is type 2 diabetes a link between lung function and metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease? Insights from population studies and Mendelian randomization Runmin Cao, Yurun Zhang, Ling Cao, Honghe Jiang European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology.2025; 37(5): 652. CrossRef
Prospective Hepatoprotective Actions of Novel Nano-formulations of Sildenafil and Neem Extract in Counteracting Oral Carbon Tetrachloride-induced Liver Injury in Rats Mahmoud S. Sabra, Essmat A. H. Allam, Madeha H. A. Darwish, Al-Hassan Mohammed Mostafa, Abeer S. Hassan, Marwa G. Gamea, Dalia Hassan, Mohamed M. Elbadr Journal of Pharmaceutical Innovation.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Response to the Letter to the Editor: What Is the Optimal Anti‐Diabetic Regimen Among CHB and T2DM Patients? Beom Kyung Kim Liver International.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Advances in identifying risk factors of metabolic dysfunction-associated alcohol-related liver disease Rui-Qi Ye, Yi-Fan Chen, Chang Ma, Xi Cheng, Wei Guo, Sha Li Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2025; 188: 118191. CrossRef
Chronic Inflammation and Immune Dysregulation in Metabolic-Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease Progression: From Steatosis to Hepatocellular Carcinoma Young-Min Jee, Jeong-Yoon Lee, Tom Ryu Biomedicines.2025; 13(5): 1260. CrossRef
Immunopathogenic mechanisms and immunoregulatory therapies in MASLD Yong He, Yingfen Chen, Shengying Qian, Schalk van Der Merwe, Debanjan Dhar, David A. Brenner, Frank Tacke Cellular & Molecular Immunology.2025; 22(10): 1159. CrossRef
Gut-Liver Axis: The Role of Intestinal Microbiota and Their Metabolites in the Progression of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease Chao Cui, Shuai Gao, Jingfei Shi, Kai Wang Gut and Liver.2025; 19(4): 479. CrossRef
Association of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol-Based Inflammatory Markers With MASLD and Significant Liver Fibrosis in US Adults: Insights From NHANES 2017–2020 Shuangzhen Jia, Xiaolin Ye, Yan Kong, Zhaoxia Wang, Jie Wu Clinical and Translational Gastroenterology.2025; 16(8): e00873. CrossRef
Soybean genistin-driven gut microbiota-derived butyrate synthesis activates the SIRT1 signaling pathway to ameliorate metabolic fatty liver Guohui Yi, Wanying Sun, Xueer Zhang, Zhongtao Wang, Xiaodan Yu, Canyang Zhu, Kaiwen Lin Free Radical Biology and Medicine.2025; 239: 336. CrossRef
Understanding MASLD — from molecular pathogenesis to cardiovascular risk: A concise review for the clinical cardiologist Carlo Ratti, Mattia Malaguti, D'Aniello Emanuele, Antonio Bellasi, Gianluca Sanna Atherosclerosis.2025; 409: 120495. CrossRef
Octenyl Succinic Anhydride Starch Alleviates Alcoholic Liver Disease by Modulating Gut Microbiota and Metabolism Chang Liu, Tangqian Liu, Rongrong Ma, Xiaohua Pan, Yaoqi Tian Nutrients.2025; 17(17): 2779. CrossRef
Resmetirom for MASH: A Comprehensive Review of a Novel Therapeutic Frontier Angad Tiwari, Ashish Sharma, Harendra Kumar, Varnika Gupta, Vishal Deshpande, Jaya Sai Mupparaju, Tanisha Mishra, Hareesha Rishab Bharadwaj, Dushyant Singh Dahiya, Varun Jain Biomedicines.2025; 13(9): 2079. CrossRef
Astragalus polysaccharides restore neutrophil functions and gut microbiota homeostasis in dairy cows with subclinical ketosis Shang Jiang, Li Na, Ke Zhang, Kexin Wang, Zhiyong Li, Yiqi Zhang, Yan Ren, Chao Wang, Xiancheng Feng, Yuchen Yang, Chenxi Xue, Jun Chen, Xiliang Du, Lin Lei, Wenwen Gao, Guowen Liu, Yuxiang Song, Xinwei Li Journal of Dairy Science.2025; 108(11): 12632. CrossRef
Alcohol-Induced Oxidative Stress and Gut–Liver–Brain Crosstalk: Expanding the Paradigm from ALD to MetALD Jeong-Yoon Lee, Young-Min Jee, Keungmo Yang, Tom Ryu Antioxidants.2025; 14(10): 1196. CrossRef
Paired snRNA-seq and scRNA-seq analysis of MASLD patients to identify early-stage markers for disease progression Suebin Park, Su-Hyeon Lee, Se-eun Han, Beom Kyung Kim, Byungjin Hwang Hepatology Communications.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Even Lower Alcohol Intake Might Be Harmful for East Asian Males With MASLD Spectrum Byungyoon Yun, Juyeon Oh, Heejoo Park, Jian Lee, Beom Kyung Kim, Jin-Ha Yoon Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Metabolic dysfunction and alcohol-associated liver disease (MetALD) Bin Gao, Juan Pablo Arab, Suthat Liangpunsakul, Wen-Xing Ding, Gyongyi Szabo, Wajahat Mehal, Hua Wang, Yong He, Peter Stärkel, Cristina Llorente, Bernd Schnabl, Seonghwan Hwang, Schalk Vandermerwe, Yanhang Gao, Ming-Hua Zheng, Won Kim, Jacob George, Ramon eGastroenterology.2025; 3(4): e100319. CrossRef
Pathogenesis and management of metabolic dysfunction-associated
steatohepatitis-related hepatocellular carcinoma: a narrative
review Han Ah Lee The Ewha Medical Journal.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The Interplay Between Depression, Probiotics, Diet, Immunometabolic Health, the Gut, and the Liver—A Secondary Analysis of the Pro-Demet Randomized Clinical Trial Oliwia Gawlik-Kotelnicka, Jakub Rogalski, Karolina H. Czarnecka-Chrebelska, Jacek Burzyński, Paulina Jakubowska, Anna Skowrońska, Dominik Strzelecki Nutrients.2024; 16(23): 4024. CrossRef
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease Ziteng Wang, Wentao Tan, Jiali Huang, Qian Li, Jing Wang, Hui Su, Chunmei Guo, Hong Liu Frontiers in Nutrition.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Exploring the Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Endothelial Dysfunction in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease Ana Paula Madariaga Traconis, Misael Uribe-Esquivel, Varenka Julieta Barbero Becerra Cells.2024; 13(24): 2055. CrossRef
First
Prev
