Clinical and Molecular Hepatology

Infectious liver disease

Metastatic endophthalmitis and thyroid abscess complicating Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscess: Seon-Jae Kim, Seong Taek Chu, Keun Sook Lee, Seung Woo Nam, Jong Kyoung Choi, Joo Won Chung, Hyeok Choon Kwon; Clin Mol Hepatol 2018;24(1):88-91.
Published online June 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2016.0066

Abstract
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The thyroid is resistant to infection due to its anatomical and physiological characteristics. We present a rare case of invasive liver abscess with metastatic thyroid abscess and endogenous endophthalmitis in a previously healthy 55-year-old female patient without diabetes or other medical illness. This report raises an important question of the virulence of Klebsiella pneumoniae as an increasingly common causative agent of liver abscess.

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Clinical features, treatment and prognosis of patients with endogenous infectious endophthalmitis
Mingjing Hu, Mingzhu Liu, Siyan Jin, Xia Wang, Xiaoli Liu
International Ophthalmology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Gram-Negative Endogenous Endophthalmitis: A Systematic Review
Giorgio Tiecco, Davide Laurenda, Alice Mulè, Stefania Arsuffi, Samuele Storti, Manuela Migliorati, Alessandro Boldini, Liana Signorini, Francesco Castelli, Eugenia Quiros-Roldan
Microorganisms.2022; 11(1): 80. CrossRef
Case Series on Endogenous Klebsiella pneumoniae Endophthalmitis: More Than Meets the Eye
Pavitra Danapal, Mushawiahti Mustapha, Nur Syarafina Abdul Malek, Justin Yeak, Fazilawati A Qamarruddin
Cureus.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Gastric cancer and adenomatous colorectal polyp concomitant with pyogenic liver abscess and bacteremia
Min Kyu Kang, Hee Jung Kwon, Min Cheol Kim
Yeungnam University Journal of Medicine.2020; 37(3): 246. CrossRef
Acute suppurative thyroiditis with thyroid abscess by Klebsiella pneumoniae: An unusual presentation
K.G. Mathew, Rakesh Sanker, Vikas Singhal
Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine.2018; 22(8): 613. CrossRef

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Infectious liver disease

Hepatogastric fistula as a rare complication of pyogenic liver abscess: Kyu Won Lee, Hee Yeon Kim, Chang Wook Kim, Young Ki Kim, Ohbeom Kwon, Min Ah Kim, Youngyun Cho, Keungmo Yang; Clin Mol Hepatol 2017;23(1):87-90.
Published online March 9, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2016.0029

Abstract
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Hepatogastric fistula following a pyogenic liver abscess is extremely rare, and only a handful of cases have been reported. An 88-year-old female presented with generalized weakness, fever and chills. An abdominal computed tomography scan revealed a 5cm-sized hypodense lesion with internal septa in the left lateral section of the liver. Due to initial suspicion of early liver abscess, she was treated with empirical intravenous antibiotics. Initially, aspiration or drainage of the liver abscess was not performed due to immature lesion characteristics. An ultrasonography-guided percutaneous drainage of the liver abscess was performed 17 days after hospitalization due to a more mature lesion appearance on follow-up imaging. On tubography, contrast media leakage through the fistulous tract was visualized. Surgical management was performed, and she was discharged 2 weeks after surgery.

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Hepatogastric Fistula as a Rare Complication of Pyogenic Liver Abscess: A Case Report
Mohammad Kazem Amirbeigy, Amir Pasha Amel Shahbaz, Zahra Sekandari, Shahab Sheikhalishahi
Clinical Case Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Hepatogastric fistula: A rare complication of liver abscess
Sayan Malakar, Akash Mathur, Anshuman Elhence, Uday C. Ghoshal
Indian Journal of Gastroenterology.2024; 43(4): 854. CrossRef
Double Trouble: Synchronous Hepatoduodenal and Hepatocolic Fistulisation in a Case of Untreated Liver Abscess
Saket Dadhich, Vijay Vatvani, Hitakshi Chahal, Richa Jain, Hanuman R Khoja
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Hepatogastric fistula: a complication of pyogenic liver abscess in a patient with the Brugarda syndrome – A rare case report
Santosh Dev, Radheshyam Yadav, Birendra Sah, Ashok Kumar Sah, Bikal Ghimire, Jayant Kumar Shah
Annals of Medicine & Surgery.2023; 85(6): 3098. CrossRef
A Population-Based Study of Unfavorable Prognostic Factors Associated With Pyogenic Liver Abscess
Anna Bläckberg, Astrid Jönsson, Emma Svensson, Torgny Sunnerhagen, Ali Kiasat, Oskar Ljungquist
Open Forum Infectious Diseases.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Fix the Flat: Applying the Principles of Tire Aerosol Repair to Prevent Exsanguination From a Hemorrhagic Intrahepatic Mass
Chase Tenewitz, Taylor S Harmon, Mika Matteo, Sanjay Lamsal, Jerry Matteo
Cureus.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Malignant hepatogastric fistula with associated secondary liver abscess: a rare complication of an occult gastric adenocarcinoma
Alexander Mimery, Nicolas Ramly, Amitabha Das, Kheman Rajkomar
BMJ Case Reports.2021; 14(8): e240238. CrossRef
A RARE CASE OF COMPLICATED LIVER ABSCESS WITH MIDDLE HEPATIC VEIN THROMBOSIS: A CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE
V.P.S. Punia, Praveen Raman Mishra, Shaavi Mittal, Akash Bharti, Prem Kumar, Mahek Lamba
GLOBAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH ANALYSIS.2021; : 1. CrossRef
Gastric cancer and adenomatous colorectal polyp concomitant with pyogenic liver abscess and bacteremia
Min Kyu Kang, Hee Jung Kwon, Min Cheol Kim
Yeungnam University Journal of Medicine.2020; 37(3): 246. CrossRef
Hepato-Duodenal Fistula Complicating a Pyogenic Liver Abscess: An Unusual Presentation
Amtoj Singh Lamba, Bhavneet Singh, Monica Gupta, Swati Dahiya, Ruchika Saini
Cureus.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

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Benign liver tumors and cystic disease of liver

A case of primary hepatic actinomycosis: an enigmatic inflammatory lesion of the liver: Yeon Jung Ha, Ji Hyun An, Ju Hyun Shim, Eun Sil Yu, Jong Jae Kim, Tae Yong Ha, Han Chu Lee; Clin Mol Hepatol 2015;21(1):80-84.
Published online March 25, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2015.21.1.80

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Primary hepatic actinomycosis is one of the chronic abscess-forming infections of the liver. Accurate diagnosis is frequently delayed due to its indolent course and nonspecific clinical and radiological manifestations. We report a case of a 57-year-old man presenting with asymptomatic multiple hepatic masses on follow-up abdominal computed tomography performed 1 year after stomach cancer surgery. Although a percutaneous liver biopsy procedure was conducted twice in order to obtain confirmative pathology, only a nonspecific organizing abscess with plasma cell infiltration was revealed, without identification of any organism in the tissue cultures. Ultimately, actinomycosis was diagnosed following the detection of sulfur granules on open surgical biopsied tissue. This case suggests that primary hepatic actinomycosis should be considered as one of the possible causes for enigmatic inflammatory lesions of the liver.

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Hepatic Actinomycosis: A Diagnostic Challenge
Prithiviraj Nabi, Muthukumarassamy Rajakannu, Mukul Vij, Mohamed Rela
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology.2026; 16(2): 103442. CrossRef
An overview of case reports and case series of pulmonary actinomycosis mimicking lung cancer: a scoping review
Amin Khoshbayan, Nour Amirmozafari, Shiva Mirkalantari
Frontiers in Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Abdominal actinomycosis presented as acute abdomen with intra-abdominal multiple tumors: A case report
Mohammad Reza Maghsoudi, Mohammad Azizmanesh, Javad Karimi Rozveh, Pouria Chaghamirzayi
International Journal of Surgery Case Reports.2024; 122: 110113. CrossRef
Primary Hepatic Actinomycosis Mimicking Hepatic Malignancy
Yong-Kyu Chung, Bo-Hyun Jung, Hee-Jung Wang
The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2022; 79(1): 45. CrossRef
Abdominopelvic Actinomycosis—The Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenge of the Most Misdiagnosed Disease
Alin Mihai Vasilescu, Eugen Târcoveanu, Cristian Lupascu, Mihaela Blaj, Corina Lupascu Ursulescu, Costel Bradea
Life.2022; 12(3): 447. CrossRef
Primary liver actinomycosis in a pediatric patient: A case report and literature review
Zi-Jian Liang, Jian-Kun Liang, Yun-Pei Chen, Zhen Chen, Yong Wang
World Journal of Clinical Cases.2021; 9(20): 5717. CrossRef
A systematic review of case reports of hepatic actinomycosis
Zahra Chegini, Mojtaba Didehdar, Seidamir Pasha Tabaeian, Amin Khoshbayan, Aref Shariati
Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Primary hepatic actinomycosis mimicking liver tumour
Qi‐Qiang Zeng, Xiang‐Wu Zheng, Qun‐Ji Wang, Zheng‐Ping Yu, Qi‐Yu Zhang
ANZ Journal of Surgery.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Hepatic actinomycosis with immunoglobulin G4-related liver disease
Joo Hyung Lee, Hyung Sun Kim, Ji Sub Kim, Dong Ki Lee, Jin Hong Lim
Medicine.2018; 97(24): e11146. CrossRef
A Rare Thermophilic Bug in Complicated Diverticular Abscess
Kyawzaw Lin, Sithu Lin, Aung Naing Lin, Thinzar Lin, Zin Mar Htun, Madhavi Reddy
Case Reports in Gastroenterology.2017; 11(3): 569. CrossRef

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Infectious liver disease

Hepatic abscess mimicking hepatocellular carcinoma in a patient with alcoholic liver disease: Jin Woong Kim, Sang Soo Shin, Suk Hee Heo, Hyo Soon Lim, Young Hoe Hur, Jo Heon Kim; Clin Mol Hepatol 2013;19(4):431-434.
Published online December 28, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2013.19.4.431

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Evaluation of hepatotoxicity due to conditioning regimens in beta thalassemia major and aplastic anemia patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation
Sadia Parveen, Muhammad Liaquat Raza, Saqib Hussain Ansari, Bushra Kaleem, Uzma Zaidi, Tahir Shamsi
Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Pylephlebitis With Hepatic Abscess Complicating a Case of Acute Pancreatitis in a Young Male: Startling Complication of Intra-Abdominal Sepsis
Dhruv Talwar, Sourya Acharya, Samarth Shukla, Sunil Kumar, Akhilesh Annadatha
Cureus.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Problematic lesions in cirrhotic liver mimicking hepatocellular carcinoma
Myeong-Jin Kim, Sunyoung Lee, Chansik An
European Radiology.2019; 29(9): 5101. CrossRef
Hepatocellular carcinoma disguised as liver abscesses
Jasmine Gowarty, Arshad Ghauri, George Martinez, Angela L. Birdwell
Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings.2018; 31(2): 222. CrossRef

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Three cases of amoebic liver abscess causing inferior vena cava obstruction, with a review of the literature: Anil K Sarda, Rakesh Mittal, Baljeet K Basra, Anurag Mishra, Nikhil Talwar; Korean J Hepatol 2011;17(1):71-75.
Published online March 21, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/kjhep.2011.17.1.71

Abstract
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Amoebic liver abscess is a common disease, especially in endemic areas, but it is a rare cause of inferior vena cava (IVC) obstruction, with only a few cases appearing in the literature. We report three cases of amoebic liver abscess complicated with obstruction of the IVC and which responded to conservative treatment or radiological intervention.

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Vascular complications of amebic liver abscess – Computed tomography case series with review of the literature
Bhavna Arora, Lovleen Kakkar, Sachin Mahal
Turkish Journal of Emergency Medicine.2025; 25(2): 143. CrossRef
Underlying Papillon–Lefèvre Syndrome Discovered in a Child with Pyogenic Liver Abscess with Budd–Chiari Syndrome: A Case Report with Review of Literature
Manish Kumar, Swapan Kumar Ray, Debanjan Sinha, Debjit Saha, Rezaul Karim
Indian Pediatrics Case Reports.2025; 5(2): 79. CrossRef
Amebic liver abscess rupture into inferior vena cava with pulmonary thrombo embolism: a case report
Sripooja Makthala, Lovenish Bains, Pawan Lal, Kranthi Naik Bhukya
Journal of Medical Case Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Intrathoracic rupture of amebic liver abscess: a case report and literature review
Kota Hasegawa, Akira Kawashima, Ryo Kuwata, Rieko Shimogawara, Mitsuko Sasaki, Yasuaki Yanagawa, Takato Nakamoto, Takahiro Aoki, Kenji Yagita, Koji Watanabe, Katsuji Teruya, Hiroyuki Gatanaga
Tropical Medicine and Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence of vascular thrombosis in patients with liver abscess
Rayidi Rajesh, Monica Gupta, Narinder Kaur, Sarabmeet Singh Lehl, Anita Tahlan, Daljinderjit Kaur
Tropical Doctor.2024; 54(1): 23. CrossRef
Liver abscess with extension into the Inferior Vena Cava: Case series of a rare complication
James R. Marak, Gaurav Raj, Shamrendra Narayan, Harsha Gara, Priya Das
Radiology Case Reports.2024; 19(2): 594. CrossRef
Amebic liver abscess: An update
Ramesh Kumar, Rishabh Patel, Rajeev Nayan Priyadarshi, Ruchika Narayan, Tanmoy Maji, Utpal Anand, Jinit R Soni
World Journal of Hepatology.2024; 16(3): 316. CrossRef
Vascular complications of liver abscess: A literature review
Rahul Arya, Ramesh Kumar, Rajeev N Priyadarshi, Ruchika Narayan, Utpal Anand
World Journal of Meta-Analysis.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Caudate lobe amebic abscesses: percutaneous image-guided aspiration or drainage
Tanya Yadav, Ranjan K. Patel, Akash Bansal, Navojit Chatterjee, Yashwant Patidar, Amar Mukund
Abdominal Radiology.2022; 47(3): 1157. CrossRef
A RARE CASE OF COMPLICATED LIVER ABSCESS WITH MIDDLE HEPATIC VEIN THROMBOSIS: A CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE
V.P.S. Punia, Praveen Raman Mishra, Shaavi Mittal, Akash Bharti, Prem Kumar, Mahek Lamba
GLOBAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH ANALYSIS.2021; : 1. CrossRef
A rare hepatic mass in an Italian resident
Matteo Borro, Giuseppe Murdaca, Monica Greco, Simone Negrini, Maurizio Setti
BMC Gastroenterology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Pulmonary Thromboembolism: A Rare Vascular Complication of Amebic Liver Abscess
Gautam Jesrani, Samiksha Gupta, Monica Gupta, Saurabh Gaba, Vivek Naveen
Cureus.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Obstruction of the inferior vena cava by extrinsic compression of amebic liver abscess (ALA) in the general hospital of the east “Dr. Domingo Luciani”, Caracas, Venezuela
Vásquez Erika, Huaman Luis
Gastroenterology & Hepatology: Open Access.2020; 11(5): 176. CrossRef
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Pablo Rodríguez Carnero, Paula Hernández Mateo, Susana Martín-Garre, Ángela García Pérez, Lourdes del Campo
Insights into Imaging.2017; 8(1): 101. CrossRef
Occult Amebic Liver Abscess as Cause of Extensive Inferior Vena Cava and Hepatic Vein Thrombosis
Deborah Siegal, Ehsan Haider, Leslie Martin, Pablo E. Serrano, Nishigandha Burute, Timothy O’Shea
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2017; 97(4): 1214. CrossRef
Branch portal vein pyaemia secondary to amoebic liver abscess
Conor Kenny, Oliver Sohan, Lois Murray, Thomas Peter Fox
BMJ Case Reports.2015; 2015: bcr2014209098. CrossRef
Pulmonary Thromboembolism Complicating Amebic Liver Abscess: First Reported Case in the United States—Case Report and Literature Review
Devon McKenzie, Michael Gale, Sunny Patel, Grazyna Kaluta
Case Reports in Infectious Diseases.2015; 2015: 1. CrossRef
Inferior vena cava thrombus with pulmonary embolism complicating amebic liver abscess
Vinaykumar Thati, Sanjay Nagral
Indian Journal of Gastroenterology.2014; 33(3): 299. CrossRef
Amebic Liver Abscess Complicated With Inferior Vena Cava Obstruction
Jin Kyeong Cho, Min Sung Kim, Jin Ho Shin, Yeon Sang Jeong, Ga Jin Lim, Na Ree Kang, Jae Phil Choi, Chul Hi Park, Min Young Kim
Journal of the Korean Geriatrics Society.2013; 17(4): 253. CrossRef

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Clinical features of gas-forming Liver abscesses: comparison between diabetic and nondiabetic patients: Chang Jae Lee, M.D., Sang Young Han, M.D., Sung Wook Lee, M.D., Yang Hyun Baek, M.D., Seok Reyol Choi, M.D., Myung Hwan Roh, M.D., Jong Hoon Lee, M.D., Jin Seok Jang, M.D., Jin Han, M.D., Su Hyun Cho, M.D., Se Woong Choi, M.D.; Korean J Hepatol 2010;16(2):131-138.
Published online June 25, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/kjhep.2010.16.2.131

Abstract
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Background/Aims
Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are more likely to have a pyogenic liver abscess with gas formation, which is associated with higher morbidity and mortality. The morbidity and mortality in pyogenic liver abscess are also higher in DM patients than in non-DM patients. This study evaluated the morbidity, mortality, and clinical features in patients with gas-forming liver abscesses associated with DM. Methods: Among 379 cases of pyogenic liver abscess excluding malignancy from January 2001 through December 2009, 25 patients treated for pyogenic-gas-forming liver abscesses were reviewed retrospectively. We compared the morbidity, mortality, and clinical findings in patients with pyogenic-gas-forming liver abscesses between DM and non-DM patients. Results: Gas formation was present in 25 (6.6%) of 379 cases with pyogenic liver abscess. DM was combined with gas-forming liver abscesses in 19 cases (76%). The most common organism responsible for the gas formation was Klebsiella pneumoniae (82%). Complications were present in 23 cases (92%) of gas-forming liver abscesses, with pulmonary complications (especially pleural effusion) being the most common (n=14, 61%). Four patients (16%) died of sepsis. Conclusions: Gas-forming liver abscesses are not uncommon in cases of pyogenic liver abscesses and are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. The clinical manifestations and complications do not differ significantly between DM and non-DM patients.

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A Diagnostic Dilemma of Emphysematous Liver Abscess with Gas under the Diaphragm: A Case Report and Review of Literature
Shubhajeet Roy, Gitika Nanda Singh, Deepak Gupta, Parijat Suryavanshi
Journal of West African College of Surgeons.2025; 15(1): 87. CrossRef
Variable Presentations of Emphysematous Liver Abscesses: Experiences From Four Cases at a Tertiary Care Center
Sukesh KS, Abhinav A Sonkar, Akshay Anand, Manish Kumar Agarwal, Kushagra Gaurav
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Pneumoperitoneum Due to Ruptured Gas Forming Candida Liver Abscess
Harshal Rajekar
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology.2023; 13(5): 921. CrossRef
A Pseudo-Gastric Bubble
Yi-Ning Lo, Juei-Seng Wu, Hsueh-Chien Chiang
Gastroenterology.2023; 165(1): e16. CrossRef
Profile of Amoebic vs Pyogenic Liver Abscess and Comparison of Demographical, Clinical, and Laboratory Profiles of these Patients From a Tertiary Care Center in Northern India
Deepika Sarawat, Gerlin Varghese, Chinmoy Sahu, Nidhi Tejan, Surender Singh, Sangram S. Patel, Mohd R. Khan
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology.2023; 13(6): 1025. CrossRef
Hepatic abscesses due to Clostridium septicum infection and its association with colonic adenocarcinoma: a case report and literature review
Bhavish Manwani, Ya Xu, Hana Mohammed El Sahly
Clinical Journal of Gastroenterology.2020; 13(1): 66. CrossRef
Clostridium paraputrificum septicemia and liver abscess
Yong K Kwon, Faiqa A Cheema, Bejon T Maneckshana, Caroline Rochon, Patricia A Sheiner
World Journal of Hepatology.2018; 10(3): 388. CrossRef
Life-threatening emphysematous liver abscess associated with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus: a case report
Yuichi Takano, Masafumi Hayashi, Fumitaka Niiya, Toru Nakanishi, Shotaro Hanamura, Kunio Asonuma, Eiichi Yamamura, Kuniyo Gomi, Yuichiro Kuroki, Naotaka Maruoka, Kazuaki Inoue, Masatsugu Nagahama
BMC Research Notes.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Predictors of therapy failure in a series of 741 adult pyogenic liver abscesses
Joseph Zhi Wen Lo, Jeffrey Jia Jun Leow, Perryn Ling Fei Ng, Hui Qi Lee, Nor Alia Mohd Noor, Jee Keem Low, Sameer P. Junnarkar, Winston Wei Liang Woon
Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences.2015; 22(2): 156. CrossRef
Liver abscesses in adult patients with and without diabetes mellitus: an analysis of the clinical characteristics, features of the causative pathogens, outcomes and predictors of fatality: a report based on a large population, retrospective study in China
L.-T. Tian, K. Yao, X.-Y. Zhang, Z.-D. Zhang, Y.-J. Liang, D.-L. Yin, L. Lee, H.-C. Jiang, L.-X. Liu
Clinical Microbiology and Infection.2012; 18(9): E314. CrossRef
Impact of advanced age on inpatients with pyogenic liver abscess in Taiwan: A nationwide claim-based analysis
Shih-Chao Kang, Shinn-Jang Hwang
Journal of the Chinese Medical Association.2011; 74(12): 539. CrossRef

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Hepatic eosinophilic abscess presenting as a single nodular mass: Yong Moon Shin, M.D.; Korean J Hepatol 2010;16(1):95-99.
Published online March 26, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/kjhep.2010.16.1.95

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Enhanced Resolution of Eosinophilic Liver Abscess Associated with Toxocariasis by Albendazole Treatment
Eun Young Jang, Moon Seok Choi, Geum Youn Gwak, Kwang Cheol Koh, Seung Woon Paik, Joon Hyeok Lee, Yong Han Paik, Byung Chul Yoo
The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2015; 65(4): 222. CrossRef
Clinical Evaluation of Toxocariasis Presenting as a Liver Abscess
Dong Wook Joo, Byung Seok Kim, Kyung Ho Ha, Kyoung Chan Park, Jung Il Ryu, Chang Hyeong Lee
Korean Journal of Medicine.2012; 82(4): 435. CrossRef

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56 Download
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Clinical features of hepatic tuberculosis in biopsy-proven cases: Sung Wook Hwang, M.D., Yoon Jun Kim, M.D., Eun Ju Cho, M.D., Jong Kyung Choi, M.D., Se Hyung Kim, M.D.1, Jung-Hwan Yoon, M.D., Chung Yong Kim, M.D., Hyo-Suk Lee, M.D.; Korean J Hepatol 2009;15(2):159-167.
Published online June 30, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/kjhep.2009.15.2.159

Abstract
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Backgrounds/Aims
Hepatic involvement is frequently observed in patients with miliary tuberculosis, but primary hepatic tuberculosis with no clinical extrahepatic manifestations of tuberculosis is uncommon. With the ever-increasing number of immunocompromised patients, it is expected that hepatic tuberculosis will occur more frequently. The aim of the present study was to establish the clinical manifestations and course of the disease. Methods: From January 1989 to September 2008, 12 patients were diagnosed with hepatic tuberculosis by liver biopsy at Seoul National University Hospital. We retrospectively evaluated their clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings by medical record review. Results: Four patients had primary hepatic tuberculosis, and eight patients had hepatic tuberculosis secondary to pulmonary or miliary tuberculosis. Three patients were immunocompromised, and six patients had no previous medical problem. An elevated serum level of alkaline phosphatase was the most frequently observed finding in laboratory tests. Imaging studies showed variable findings, including hepatosplenomegaly, multiple hepatic nodules, abscess formation, and even normal findings. Ten patients responded to antituberculosis drugs, and two cases with tuberculous liver abscess had persistent disease despite prolonged therapy. Conclusions: In patients with a protracted illness, hepatosplenomegaly and/or abnormal liver function tests, hepatic tuberculosis should be suspected, even in healthy young patients or patients with normal imaging findings. Patients with tuberculous abscess formation tend to respond poorly to antituberculosis therapy, and surgery could be considered in these patients. (Korean J Hepatol 2009;15: 159-167)

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Miliary Tuberculosis Initially Presenting as an Isolated Hepatic Abscess
Chang Won Ha, Sang Deok Shin, Myung Ji Goh, Byeong Geun Song, Wonseok Kang, Dong Hyun Sinn, Geum-Youn Gwak, Yong-Han Paik, Moon Seok Choi, Joon Hyeok Lee
The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2025; 85(1): 78. CrossRef
Isolated tuberculosis liver abscess in an immunocompetent patient
Yazan M. Sallam, Ramsey Gasim, Mohammad N. Kloub, Nabeel Mohammad Qassem
Clinical Case Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Isolated hepatic tuberculosis presenting as hydatid cyst
Mohamed Azzaza, Waad Farhat, Houssem Ammar, Abdelkader Mizouni, Mohamed Amine Said, Fathia Harrabi, Rahul Gupta, Nihed Abdessaid, Mohamed Ben Mabrouk, Ali Ben Ali
Clinical Journal of Gastroenterology.2020; 13(3): 408. CrossRef
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Richard P. T. Evans, Moustafa Mabrouk Mourad, Lee Dvorkin, Simon R. Bramhall
Current Infectious Disease Reports.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
A systematic review of hepatic tuberculosis with considerations in human immunodeficiency virus co-infection
Andrew J Hickey, Lilishia Gounder, Mahomed-Yunus S Moosa, Paul K Drain
BMC Infectious Diseases.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
Hepatic tuberculosis: a rare cause of fluorodeoxyglucose hepatic superscan with background suppression on positron emission tomography
SM Wong, HY Yuen, AT Ahuja
Singapore Medical Journal.2014; 55(7): e101. CrossRef
Hepatic Tuberculosis Granuloma Mimicking Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma Confirmed by Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine-Needle Aspiration
Hyun Sung Yoon, Young Koog Cheon, Tae Yoon Lee, Chan Sup Shim, Eung Jun Lee, Yoon Serk Lee, Hye Seung Han
Korean Journal of Medicine.2013; 85(4): 396. CrossRef
Primary Hepatosplenic Tuberculosis in an Immunocompetent Adult and Domestic Literature Review
Se Yoon Park, Eun Jung Lee, Tae Hyong Kim, Jae Young Jang, Min Huok Jeon, Eun Ju Choo, So Young Jin
Soonchunhyang Medical Science.2012; 18(2): 134. CrossRef
A Case of Multi-Organ Macronodular Tuberculosis
Kyoung Ree Lim, Myung Ho Kang, Tae-Suk Kim, Ki-Won Moon, Dong Ryeol Ryu, Hui Young Lee, Seon-Sook Han
Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases.2012; 72(1): 88. CrossRef
Development of a Tuberculous Liver Abscess as a Paradoxical Response
Sung Woong Jung, Jin Bae Kim, Jong Soo Choi, Kyung Min Lee, Su Rin Shin, Sang Hoon Park, Myung Seok Lee
Korean Journal of Medicine.2012; 83(1): 87. CrossRef
Hepatic tuberculosis presenting as a large liver mass
Yong Moon Shin
The Korean Journal of Hepatology.2010; 16(2): 197. CrossRef

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A Case of Abscess Caused by Toxocara: Jae Kwon Jung , Jin Tae Jung , Chang Hyeong Lee , Eun Young Kim , Joong Goo Kwon , Byung Seok Kim; Korean J Hepatol 2007;13(3):409-413.
Published online September 20, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/kjhep.2007.13.3.409

Abstract
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Toxocariasis is a helminozoonosis caused by the infection of a human host by the larva of Toxocara canis and Toxocara catis, which are common nematodes in dogs and cats, and occurs more frequently in school age children. Toxocariasis shows variable clinical manifestations including hepatomegaly, bronchial asthma, uveitis, central nervous system symptoms with peripheral eosinophilia and an increased total serum IgE level. However a hepatic abscess caused by toxocara infection in adults is rare. We experienced a case of heavy alcoholic patients with a hepatic eosinophilic abscess caused by toxocara infestation, which was confirmed by microscopic examination of liver biopsy, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test, abdominal CT and the ultrasonography findings. (Korean J Hepatol 2007;13:409-413)

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ORNIPURAL® as conventional therapy versus mixture of Curcuma longa extract and pomegranate peel extract as homeotherapy in dogs with dexamethasone-induced hepatopathy: clinicolaboratory, ultrasonographic, and histopathological monitoring
Arafat Khalphallah, Sabry A. Mousa, Abdulaziz H. Almuhanna, Dalia Hassan, Laila A. Al-Shuraym, Lamya Ahmed Alkeridis, Ebtsam S. Abdel-lah, Mustafa Shukry, Enas A. Abdelhafez, Enas Elmeligy
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Toxocariasis of the Nervous System
Maria Meliou, Ioannis N. Mavridis, Efstratios-Stylianos Pyrgelis, Eleni Agapiou
Acta Parasitologica.2020; 65(2): 291. CrossRef
Enhanced Resolution of Eosinophilic Liver Abscess Associated with Toxocariasis by Albendazole Treatment
Eun Young Jang, Moon Seok Choi, Geum Youn Gwak, Kwang Cheol Koh, Seung Woon Paik, Joon Hyeok Lee, Yong Han Paik, Byung Chul Yoo
The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2015; 65(4): 222. CrossRef
Significance of Serum Antibody Test for Toxocariasis in Healthy Healthcare Examinees with Eosinophilia in Seoul and Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea
Hong Seok Kim, Yan Jin, Min-Ho Choi, Jae-Hwan Kim, Young Ha Lee, Cheong Ha Yoon, Eui-Hyuk Hwang, Hun Kang, Sang-Yong Ahn, Gi Jin Kim, Sung-Tae Hong
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2014; 29(12): 1618. CrossRef
Clinical Update on Parasitic Diseases
Min Seo
Korean Journal of Medicine.2013; 85(5): 469. CrossRef
A Seroepidemiological Survey of Toxocariasis among Eosinophilia Patients in Chungcheongnam-do
Min Seo, Sung Chul Yoon
The Korean Journal of Parasitology.2012; 50(3): 249. CrossRef
Emerging Parasitic Diseases in Korea
Jong-Yil Chai
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2007; 50(11): 946. CrossRef

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A Case of Transcatheter Arterial Embolization-induced Hepatobronchial Fistula in a Patient with Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Won Young Tak, M.D., Chang Min Jo, M.D., Min su Keum, M.D., Dae Hyun Kim, M.D., Young Oh Kweon, M.D., Sung Kook Kim, M.D., Yong Hwan Choi, M.D. and Joon Mo Chung, M.D.; Korean J Hepatol 1999;5(1):55-58.

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Transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) is widely used in the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Its common complications are right upper quadrant pain, nausea, vomiting, and rare complications include focal pancreatic necrosis, gastric ulcer, renal failure, DIC, biliary tree necrosis and splenic infarction and so on. It has been reported that hepatobronchial fistula could develop as a pleuropulmonary complication of liver abscess. We report a case of hepatobronchial fistula caused by complicating liver abscess in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma who was treated with TAE. (Korean J Hepatol 1999;5:55－58)

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Hepatocellular Carcinoma Incidentally Discovered by Liver Abscess Associated with CBD Stone and Cholangitis: Yong Jick Sung, M.D., Su Eun Yu, M.D., Sun Mi Park, M.D. Dong Bin Kim, M.D., Si Hyun Bae, M.D., Jin Il Kim, M.D. Choon Sang Bang, M.D., Young Min Park, M.D., Kyu Won Chung, M.D. Hee Sik Sun, M.D., Doo Ho Park, M.D., Boo Sung Kim, M.D. Sang Hoon Lee*, M.D. and Eun Deok Chang+ M.D.; Korean J Hepatol 1999;5(3):253-258.

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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common fatal malignancies worldwide, especially in Korea. The recent advances in diagnostic techniques, such as serum tumor marker assay, ultrasonography, computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and angiography, allow us to detect HCC at early stage. Even though, it remains difficult to distinguish malignant nodules from benign space-occupying lesions of liver. Distinction of HCC from benign entities such as liver abscess is important because failure of prompt diagnosis could result in a missed opportunity for curative treatment. The differential diagnosis of HCC and liver abscess, especially HCC presenting as abscess, is sometimes very difficult. We report a case of HCC with liver abscess caused by secondary infection of CBD stone and cholangitis, that mimicked the dynamic CT findings of liver abscess, in an elderly patient with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. (Korean J Hepatol 1999;5:253－258)

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A Case of Necrotizing Liver Abscess and Bile Duct Necrosis Following Hepatic Arterial Chemoembolization in Hepatocelluar Carcinoma: Gyu Jung, M.D., Jeong Wook Kim, M.D., Sang Jin Kim, M.D. Jun Hyung Joe, M.D., Jong Beum Lee, M.D.§, Jae Gyu Kim, M.D. Joongwon Park, M.D., Sae Kyung Chang, M.D., Byung Cheol Yoo M.D. and Sill Moo Park M.D.; Korean J Hepatol 1999;5(4):348-352.

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Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is widely used in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas. We report a case of mult iple liver abscess with bile duct necrosis following gallbladder infarction after TACE in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma. A 62- year old man, wit h four cm sized hepatocellular carcinoma in right lobe, was treat ed by TACE for six times during 18 months. Two days after the last TACE, acute cholecystitis occurred and antibiotics were used until the recovery of cholecystitis. After two months, abdominal CT scan revealed a gas containing liver abscess and percutaneous transhepatic drainage was performed. Cholangiography via drainage cathet er showed findings of bile duct necrosis. Ant ibiotics sensit ive to the causative organism were administered intravenously. However, the abscess persisted despite of treatment for three mont hs. (Korean J Hepatol 1999 ; 5 : 348－352)

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Primary Biliary Cirrhosis Associated with Multiple Renal Abscess and IgA Nephropathy : A Case Report: Jung Woo Shin,Il Han Song,Myoung Ju Ki,Chang Young Lim,Jong Tae Cho; Korean J Hepatol 2000;6(2):223-228.

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Primary biliary cirrhosis is a chronic progressive disease most often affecting women. It is characterized by the progressive destruction of the small intrahepatic bile ducts with portal inflammation leading to hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. Autoimmune diseases such as Sjogren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, dermatomyositis, CREST syndrome, and autoimmune thyroiditis may be found in up to 80% of the patients. Primary biliary cirrhosis is also associated with renal diseases such as distal renal tubular acidosis, bacteriuria and glomerulopathy, but there is no case report of primary biliary cirhosis with renal manifestations in Korea. We are reporting a case of primary biliary cirrhosis with multiple renal abscess and IgA nephropathy with a review of the literature.(Korean J Hepatol 2000;6:223-228)

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A Case of Liver Abscess Associated with Fascioliasis Diagnosed by MRI: Jung Ho Shon,Kwang Bum Cho,Jae Seok Hwang,Young Woo Kang,Jung Wook Hur,Sung Hoon Ahn,Soong Kook Park; Korean J Hepatol 2001;7(1):90-94.

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Fascioliasis is a zoonotic helminthiasis caused by Fasciola hepatica, the sheep liver fluke. Humans are accidental hosts in the life cycle of the parasite. They are infected by the ingestion of water or raw aquatic vegetables contaminated with the metacercaria. The diagnosis of fascioliasis is based on clinical symptoms, absolute eosinophilia, serologic test (ELISA), radiologic finding, and presence of eggs in the feces or duodenal fluid. Recently, some radiologists have been reporting specific findings of fascioliasis by MRI. We report a case of liver abscess associated with fascioliasis diagnosed by MRI.(Korean J Hepatol 2001;7:90-94)

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Liver Abscess Formation in Non - Tumorous Parenchyma after Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization (TACE) for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Associated with Pneumobilia: Yong Kyun Kim, M.D., Su Eun Yu, M.D., Chang Kyun Hong, M.D., Sung Ku Lee, M.D., Young Chul Kim. M.D., So Young Lee, M.D., Si Hyun Bae, M.D., Je Hyun Shin, M.D., Byung Hun Byun, M.D., Jong Young Choi, M.D., Young Min Park, M.D., Kyu Won Chung, M.D., Hee Sik Sun, M.D., Doo Ho Park, M.D., Boo Sung Kim, M.D., Yeon Joo Jung, M.D.†; Korean J Hepatol 2001;7(2):189-194.

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Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is widely used to treat inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma and metastatic tumor of the liver. Among the complications occurring after TACE, liver abscess formation in HCC is a fatal complication. The reported incidence of this complication ranges from 0% to 3.3%. Moreover, liver abscess formation in non-tumorous parenchyma is very rare. The pathogenic mechanism of this complication has been linked to several factors but retrograde enteric bacterial contamination of the biliary tract appears to be the most commonly implicated cause. The major risk factors of the biliary tract infection are pneumobilia, portal vein thrombosis, bilo-enteric anastomosis and biliary obstruction. We report a rare case of liver abscess formation in non-tumorous liver parenchyma after TACE for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in a patient with pneumobilia. (Korean J Hepatol 2001;7:189-194)

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Recent Changes of Organism and Treatment in Pyogenic Liver Abscess: Byung Kyu Nah, M.D.1, Yeon Soo Kim, M.D., Hee Seok Moon, M.D., Ki Oh Park, M.D., Sun Moon Kim, M.D., Yeum Seok Lee, M.D., Hyeon Woong Yang, M.D., Seung Weon Seo, M.D., Seok Hyun Kim, M.D., Byung Seok Lee, M.D., Nam Jae Kim, M.D. and Heon Young Lee, M.D.; Korean J Hepatol 2003;9(4):275-283.

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Background/Aims
With the advance of antibiotics and the development of newer imaging techniques, marked changes in etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of liver abscess have been reported. Methods: We reviewed the clinical data related to 94 patients with pyogenic liver abscess. Results: Of the 94 patients in the study group, the male to female ratio was 1.4:1 and the peak incidence of liver abcess was in the 7th decade. About three quaters (74.5%) of the abcesses were of unknown origin. The predominant location was in the right lobe (70.3%). Single lesion was found in 80 patients and multiple lesions in 14 patients. Pathogens were identified in 67 patients, of which Klebsiella pneumoniae (65.7%) and E. coli (16.4%) were the most common. The modalities of treatment were percutaneous drainage with antibiotics (73.4%), percutaneous aspiration with antibiotics (16.0%), or antibiotics alone (8.5%). The case fatality rate, mainly from associated underlying diseases, was 9 cases (9.6%). Associated diseases were diabetes mellitus (14.9%) and malignancy (10.6%). Conclusions: Our study revealed that the most common organism was Klebsiella pneumoniae and percutaneous needle aspiration and/or catheter drainage were safe and effective treatment modalities for pyogenic liver abscess. Prognosis was determined by the underlying condition.(Korean J Hepatol 2003;12:275-283)

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Eosinophilic Hepatic Abscess: Han Jungu , Kim Sehyeong; Korean J Hepatol 2003;9(4):341-343.

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Eosinophilic Liver Abscess: So Young Jin; Korean J Hepatol 2005;11(2):176-179.

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A Clinical Study of Pyogenic Liver Abscess at Two Different Local Hospitals: Dae Won Jun , Ji Yong Moon , Sang Hyeon Baeg , Ho Soon Choi , Joo Hyun Sohn , Oh Young Lee , Byung Chul Yoon , Min Ho Lee , Dong Hoo Lee , Choon Suhk Kee; Korean J Hepatol 2005;11(3):250-260.

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Background/Aims
Despite the improvement of personal and social hygiene, pyogenic liver abscess is still a common disease. We compared the incidence, infection route, underlying disease and major complications between two different local hospitals. Methods: We reviewed the clinical data of 100 patients with pyogenic liver abscess who were treated at Seoul and Guri Hanyang University Hospital from 1999 to 2003. Results: There were 64 males and 36 females in the study group; they were aged from 19 to 94 years with a mean of 56.5 years. Every year 19 to 23 pyogenic liver abscess patients were admitted to both hospitals. The most common organism isolated was Klebsiella pneumoniae in both local hospitals. In the Seoul hospital, diabetes (40.9%) was most common associated condition. In the Guri hospital, biliary tract disease or a history of hepatobiliary surgery (54.2%) was the most common associated condition. Catheter drainage and/or percutaneous needle aspiration were established as the standard treatment modality. Conclusions: In both regional hospitals, the incidence of pyogenic liver abscess did not decrease and Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most common organism. Diabetes and biliary tract disease, including, previous hepatobiliary surgery, were the most identifiable underlying disease. (Korean J Hepatol 2005;11:250-260)

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Comparison of Liver Abscess between Diabetic Patients and Non-Diabetic Patients: Chang Jae Lee, M.D., Dong Sik Jung, M.D., Suk Hee Jung, M.D., Jung Hoan Baik, M.D., Jung Hyun Lee, M.D., Young Rak Cho, M.D., Byoung Soung Go, M.D., Sung Wook Lee, M.D., Sang Young Han, M.D. and Dong Hyun Lee, M.D.1; Korean J Hepatol 2005;11(4):339-349.

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Background/Aims
Klebsiella pneumoniae is emerging as the leading cause for liver abscess although the most common pathogen was Escherichia coli in the past. Patients with diabetes mellitus are more likely to have a pyogenic liver abscess with gas forming infection; a gas forming pyogenic liver abscess carries a higher morbidity and mortality than the non-gas forming group. This study was conducted to clarify the clinical presentation and prognostic factors for pyogenic liver abscess in diabetic patients compared with non-diabetic patients. Methods: Medical records of 140 cases of patients treated for pyogenic liver abscess from January 1995 through January 2004 were reviewed retrospectively in detail. Results: Among 140 cases of pyogenic liver abscess, underlying diabetes was present in 26.4% (37/140). The clinical presentation between the two groups was not significantly different. The most common organism for the pyogenic abscess was K. pneumoniae in both groups. A gas forming liver abscess was discovered in only the diabetic liver abscess group, 6 of 37 patients (16%). Conclusions: K. pneumoniae was the most common organism cultured in both diabetic and non-diabetic liver abscess. Gas forming liver abscess was more common in diabetic patients than non-diabetic patients. Diabetic patients had more complications than non-diabetic patients.(Korean J Hepatol 2005;11:339-349)

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Clinical Features of Liver Abscess Developed after Radiofrequency Ablation and Transarterial Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Min Hyung Kim, M.D., Moon Seok Choi, M.D., Yong Sung Choi, M.D., Do Young Kim, M.D., Ji Min Lee, M.D.2, Seung Woon Paik, M.D., Joon Hyuek Lee, Kwang Cheol Koh, M.D., Byung Cheol Yoo, M.D., Dongil Choi, M.D.1 and Jong Chul Rhee; Korean J Hepatol 2006;12(1):55-64.

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Background/Aims: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) have been applied for treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but procedure-related complications can be a serious problem. This study was conducted to evaluate the clinical features of HCC patients who developed liver abscess after RFA and TACE, as compared to those patients without malignancy. Methods: In our center, from December 1999 to March 2004, 31 cases of liver abscess developed after local treatment of HCC (13/751 after RFA and 18/8417 after TAE), which correspond to 5.1% of the total cases (602) of liver abscess. We evaluated the patients’ clinical features, the abscess characteristics, the bacteriology, treatment modality, hospital days and mortality, as compared to those characteristics of 263 abscess patients without malignancy. Results: The time required to diagnose liver abscess was longer in the TACE group (24.8±16.5 days) compared to that of the other two groups (12.2±9.0 days in the RFA group, 9.6±7.5 days in the controls, P=0.001). Gas-forming liver abscess is most frequently found in the RFA groups (76.9%). There were more hospitalized days for the TACE groups than for the RFA group and the controls (34.7±19.8 vs. 15.2±9.2 vs. 18.6±10.9 days, respectively, P<0.001). Two patients (11%) in the TACE group died of sepsis and liver failure. Conclusions: For the patients with prolonged fever after RFA and especially after TACE for HCC, a diagnosis of liver abscess should be suspected earlier to reduce the morbidity and mortality due to liver abscess per se and also the sepsis-related decompensation of the liver. (Korean J Hepatol 2006;12:55-64)