Comparison of the identification and practicability of non-invasive diagnostic indicators under NAFLD, MAFLD and MASLD in China: a cross-sectional study Xin-Yun Tan, Hui-Hui Zou, Xinjuan Huang, Man-Jie Guo, Ruo-Ling Yu, Xue-Lian Liu, Ting Peng, Xuan Yang, Chun-Xiang Qin BMJ Open.2026; 16(4): e094809. CrossRef
Background/Aims The World Health Organization set the goal of eliminating hepatitis C virus (HCV) by 2030, with 80% and 65% reductions in HCV incidence and mortality rates, respectively. We aimed to evaluate the health benefits, cost-effectiveness and return on investment (ROI) of HCV elimination.
Methods Using an HCV transmission compartmental model, we evaluated the benefits and costs of different strategies combining screening and treatment for Chinese populations. We identified strategies to achieve HCV elimination and calculated the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted for 2022–2030 to identify the optimal elimination strategy. Furthermore, we estimated the ROI by 2050 by comparing the required investment with the economic productivity gains from reduced HCV incidence and deaths.
Results The strategy that results in the most significant health benefits involves conducting annual primary screening at a rate of 14%, re-screening people who inject drugs annually and the general population every five years, and treating 95% of those diagnosed (P14-R4-T95), preventing approximately 5.75 and 0.44 million HCV infections and deaths, respectively, during 2022–2030. At a willingness-to-pay threshold of $12,615, the P14-R4-T95 strategy is the most cost-effective, with an ICER of $5,449/DALY. By 2050, this strategy would have a net benefit of $120,997 million (ROI=0.868).
Conclusions Achieving HCV elimination in China by 2030 will require significant investment in large-scale universal screening and treatment, but it will yield substantial health and economic benefits and is cost-effective.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Overcoming barriers to HCV screening in Latin America: from evidence to action Javier Crespo, Jose Luis Calleja, Ezequiel Ridruejo, Marta Alonso-Peña, Joaquín Cabezas, Graciela Elia Castro-Narro, Nelia Hernandez, Hugo Cheinquer, Fernando Contreras, Christie Perelló, Manuel Mendizabal, Fernando Cairo, Mário Guimarães Pessôa, Eduardo Annals of Hepatology.2026; : 102189. CrossRef
Global Advances in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Research and Therapy in 2025 Bo Hu, Qiang Gao Cancer Innovation.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of the Performance of Reverse Transcription-Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RT-RPA) Coupled with CRISPR/Cas12a and Microfluidics for One-step Detection of Common HCV Genotypes Qiong Wang, Yushu Wang, Tian Jia, Xiaodong Hu, Fuliang Chen Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease.2026; : 117482. CrossRef
Cost-Effectiveness of Screening and Treating Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Zimbabwe Blessing Dzingirai, Leolin Katsidzira, Maarten J. Postma, Marinus van Hulst, Nyashadzaishe Mafirakureva International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2025; 22(4): 509. CrossRef
Investing in health: Policy lessons from reimbursing direct-acting antivirals for hepatitis C in Taiwan Raoh-Fang Pwu, Wen-Wen Yang, Grace Hui-Min Wu, Sheng-Nan Lu, Rong-Nan Chien Journal of the Formosan Medical Association.2025; 124: S141. CrossRef
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection was highly endemic in China, where the prevalence of HBsAg was 9.7% in 1992. Comprehensive strategies, including universal infant hepatitis B vaccination with emphasis on timely birth-dose and 3-dose coverage, dramatically reduced the mother-to-infant transmission and early childhood acquisition of HBV, resulting in estimated HBsAg prevalence rates of 5.6% and 0.1% in the general population and among children aged <5 years in 2022, respectively. Clinical guidelines on the prevention and treatment of chronic hepatitis B have been periodically updated based on emerging evidence from clinical research. The continuously improved reimbursement policy and the massively reduced price of antiviral drugs through government negotiation and central procurement have increased treatment accessibility and affordability. However, due to the low rates of diagnosis and treatment, China still faces a large challenge in achieving the 2030 goal of lowering HBV-related mortality by 65%. A public health approach involving concerted efforts from the government, medical community, industry, and society as a whole would be necessary to increase the uptake of HBV tests and treatment to achieve the global goal of eliminating viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Global, regional, and national burden and trends of liver cancer due to hepatitis B in young adults from 1990 to 2021 and forecast to 2030: insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Jinbo Li, Yaling Li, Bihong Ke, Xiaosheng Zhang, Weigang Wang, Yandi Li, Jia Lian, Tian Yao, Keke Wang, Suping Wang, Yongliang Feng Internal and Emergency Medicine.2026; 21(1): 69. CrossRef
The impact of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease on the efficacy of pegylated interferon-based therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B Jiaxin Han, Lianxin Xu, Yuqin Li, Ziling Wang, Minghui Zeng, Jieru Gao, Yuqiang Mi, Wentao Kuai, Huiling Xiang, Liang Xu Frontiers in Immunology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Transjugular liver biopsy in patients with unexplained liver dysfunction and bleeding tendency: a safety and efficacy analysis Zhiyuan Zheng, Minjie Yang, Lili Ma, Jingqin Ma, Zihan Zhang, Jian Wang, Yuan Ji, Shiyao Chen, Jianjun Luo, Zhiping Yan, Xiaolin Wang, Wen Zhang BMC Gastroenterology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Breaking the stigma: the role of family support in hepatitis B management from a public health education perspective Lin Zhang, Junyi Chen, Guoxing Wu, Suhua Pang, Zhenjiang Zhang, Youde Yan Frontiers in Public Health.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
The Global Burden of Hepatitis B From 1990 to 2021: Trends, Socioeconomic Inequalities, and Predictions to 2035 Miaoqing Ye, Xinzhu Guan, Panyue Yan, Yujie Guan, Minying Li, Yilin Yang, Jinyu He, Wenping Liu, Dong Deng, Zhiwen Luo International Journal of Clinical Practice.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Immune Response and Modeled Duration of Protection Following a Single 60 μg Hepatitis B Vaccine Booster in Susceptible Chinese University Students Xianwei Luo, Wenxiang Zhou, Shujie Zhou, Feiyang Song, Shouyan Geng, Haiyang Xu, Yuhui Cheng, Mingxue Ren, Yan Dong, Ling Lin, Leijing Mao, Binbing Wang, Yu Chai, Pengcheng Miao, Shaodi Ma, Jihai Tang Vaccines.2026; 14(4): 345. CrossRef
Spatiotemporal heterogeneity and socioeconomic determinants of syphilis incidence in Xining, Northwest China: a geospatial analysis Yitao Ren, Yongkai Shi, Ying Zhao, Lulu Fu, Jinxiong Lin, Wei Li BMC Infectious Diseases.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in apparently healthy adults in China: a nationwide study based on 17 million check-up adults Sailimai Man, Zhuoyan Yu, Jing Du, Jun Lv, Gang Li, Liming Li, Bo Wang Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2026; 32(2): e199. CrossRef
Functional cure for chronic hepatitis B on hepatocellular carcinoma prevention: Evidence and clinical implications Wen Kang, Yu-Shen Liu, Tian-Ping Wang, Shu-Ming Zhang, Yu Li, Ye Zhang iLIVER.2026; 5(2): 100235. CrossRef
Characteristics and Screening Strategies of Hepatitis B in Guangdong Province, China Weizhao Lin, Xiaoping Shao, Junjie Wang, Hongqing Wen, Jiahong Liu, Can Xiong, Zixia Qian, Wei Zhao, Jun Liu, Jiufeng Sun Viruses.2026; 18(5): 486. CrossRef
Global inequality in the burden of hepatitis B from 1990 to 2021: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2021: Letter to the editor on “Comprehensive approach to controlling chronic hepatitis B in China” Chunlong Liu, Jiangtao Yu Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2025; 31(2): e134. CrossRef
Unraveling Demographic Patterns in Hepatitis B Clinical and Laboratory Profiles: Insights From a Ghanaian Cohort: A Retrospective Study Napoleon Bellua Sam, Saeed Folorunsho Majeed, Adams Dramani Health Science Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of Nucleos(t)ide Analogues Withdrawal on Survival Outcomes in Patients With Hepatitis B Virus‐Related Acute‐on‐Chronic Liver Failure Yanxue Lin, Xueping Yu, Huimin Lin, Jiajia Han, Yan Yan, Xiaoting Zhao, Yijie Lin, Zixuan Huang, Yinyin Zheng, Yahong Gao, Wenjin Yuan, Meifang Zhou, Jiming Zhang, Dawu Zeng Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics.2025; 62(5): 504. CrossRef
Construction and validation of a nomogram prediction model for antiviral efficacy based on clinical characteristics and intestinal microflora distribution in patients with chronic hepatitis B Hongjie Wu, Mingqiang Yue, Tianbao Wang, Xiaoxia Wei, Yanping Wang, Changyun Si Frontiers in Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
48-week prognostic analysis of very low-level viremia in patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis: a single-center retrospective study Yinong Feng, Zehong Wang, Shaoyuan Shi, Li Zhou, Yongli Hua, Xuanxuan Wang, Jianzhong Ma Frontiers in Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Chinese medicine monomers for hepatocellular carcinoma: New ideas related to autophagy Shi-Hao Zheng, Tian-Yu Xue, Qiu-Yue Wang, Yong-An Ye, Peng Zhang World Journal of Gastroenterology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Trends in the disease burden of early-onset cancers in China from 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis of the 2021 Global Burden of Disease study Jicun Zhu, Tiandong Li, Jiajun Chen, Wenhua Xue, Shuhong Liang, Chen Xie, Xiting Han, Weiwei Hao, Yixin He, Gaoxing Qiao, Xiaoran Duan, Lifeng Li, Jie Zhao BMC Cancer.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Global Disease and Economic Burden of Noncommunicable Diseases Attributable to Hepatitis B Infection: A Health Economic Evaluation Study Xu Wang, Ningjun Ren, Hanting Liu, Jinzhao Xie, Yusheng Jie, Chun Hao, Stuart Gilmour, Jinghua Li, Jing Gu, Lei Zhang Journal of Medical Virology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Characterization of inflammatory protein expression patterns and their association with viral DNA load in hepatitis B virus infection via Olink proteomics analysis Xiangjuan Li American Journal of Translational Research.2025; 17(6): 4701. CrossRef
Epidemiological trends and projections to 2035 of hepatitis B burden in China, 1990–2021 Xinyue Qi, Yongzheng Hu, Wei Jiang, Pengpeng Ye, PLOS One.2025; 20(9): e0330633. CrossRef
Burden of liver cancer in adolescents and young adults aged 15-49 years in China: a comprehensive analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease study (1990-2021) Yi-Xin Zou, Zhuo-Ying Li, Xiao-Hui Zhou, Dan-Ni Yang, Jia-Yi Tuo, Qiu-Ming Shen, Yu-Ting Tan, Hong-Lan Li, Yong-Bing Xiang Hepatoma Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Pretreatment viral quasispecies characteristics and evolutionary phases correlate with HBsAg seroconversion in peginterferon-alfa-2a-treated children with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B Juncheng Yang, Guifeng Yang, Haitang He, Hai Liu, Qunfang Fu, Xiaoting Wu, Ran Meng, Zhuoyue Li, Qian Zhao, Kangxian Luo, Zhihua Liu Antiviral Research.2025; 244: 106291. CrossRef
Parental perceptions and willingness to pay for childhood vaccination experiences in China: a multi-city comprehensive evaluation study Bei Liu, Ninghua Huang, Yaqiong Liu, Xiyu Zhang, Bing Wu, Bing Cao, Tao Sun, Yudong Miao, Fuqiang Cui Vaccine.2025; 67: 127826. CrossRef
Global burden, trends and inequalities of hepatitis B among women of childbearing age, 1990–2021 Hong Zhang, Haitao Wang Annals of Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Predictors of low-level viremia in chronic hepatitis B and the efficacy of pegylated interferon-alpha: a real-world study Wenyuan Zhang, Jia Chen, Wenjin Sun, Nana Xie, Fangbing Tian, Wencong Zhang, Qiurong Ruan, Jianxin Song Virology Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Effectiveness of the National Immunisation Programme and the catch-up vaccination on the incidence of hepatitis B in China: an interrupted time series analysis from 2005 to 2019 Bo-Wen Ming, Jinlun Zhang, Li Li, Xiaohan Xu, Chen Shi, Juanjuan Zhang, Chun-Quan Ou BMJ Global Health.2025; 10(11): e019080. CrossRef
Efficacy Analysis and Influencing Factors of HBsAg Response in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients Treated with Nucleoside Analogues and Pegylated Interferon Sequential Therapy with High HBsAg Levels Jingdan Chen, Shangkun Lai, Mijia Zheng Hepatitis Monthly.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Serial Liver Stiffness Measurement and Serum Biomarkers Are Not Strong Predictors of the Regression of Fibrosis among Chronic Hepatitis B Patients Receiving Antiviral Therapy Based on Triple Liver Biopsies Jiayi Zhang, Shuyan Chen, Jialing Zhou, Bingqiong Wang, Xiaoning Wu, Xiaoqian Xu, Xinyu Zhao, Yuanyuan Kong, Xiaojuan Ou, Yameng Sun, Hong You Gut and Liver.2025; 19(6): 889. CrossRef
Molecular mechanism of RBM15-mediated m6A modification in hepatitis B virus replication Min Ni, Bingbing Li, Lingli Wang, Shengju Ma, Kun Ma Virology Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Economic evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in chronic hepatitis B patients with virological remission Kailu Fang, Shuwen Li, Yushi Lin, Yu Zhang, Jie Wu BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Associations between chronic hepatitis B infection and inflammatory bowel diseases in East Asian populations Haiyan Ye, Deqin Wei, Yike Huang Future Virology.2024; 19(16-18): 563. CrossRef
Exosomal FOSL1 From Cancer-associated Fibroblasts Drives the Progression and Pro-tumorigenic M2 Macrophage Polarization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma By Activating PLAU Transcription Kai Bai, Ruopeng Liang, Jian Li, Kun Zhao Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology.2026; 198(2): 822. CrossRef
Development of an UPLC-MS/MS method for quantification of donafenib and its metabolite in rat plasma: application to drug–drug interaction Yuxin Shen, Ruibin Li, Lu Cao, Jun Wu, Haoxin Fu, Peiqi Wang, Ren-ai Xu, Ling Ji Biochemical Pharmacology.2026; 246: 117540. CrossRef
Comparison of repeat hepatectomy with radiofrequency ablation for the survival of hepatocellular carcinoma with solitary intrahepatic recurrence after hepatectomy Jialu Fu, Jiafeng Chen, Lei Jin, Junfeng Huang, Shengwei Mao, Xuhui Zhao, Weifeng Qu, Rui Yang, Yi Wang, Yichao Bu, Zhiqi Guan, Jun Gao, Xiaoling Wu, Qianfu Zhao, Tianhao Chu, Guiqi Zhu, Yuan Fang, Yinghong Shi, Weiren Liu Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology.2026; 50(2): 102750. CrossRef
Management and outcomes of patients with liver cancer in China and the United States Mengyuan Xu, Qiushuo Geng, Tianhao Shan, Manqi Liu, Jianguo Chen, Meicen Liu, Bingfeng Han, Changfa Xia, Xianhui Ran, Kexin Sun, Shaoming Wang, Yubing Shen, Ru Chen, Li Li, Hong Zhao, Wanqing Chen, Lingeng Lu, Yefan Zhang, Hongmei Zeng Chinese Medical Journal.2026; 139(10): 1502. CrossRef
TRIM13 Suppressed the Proliferation and Migration of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Inducing Autophagy Longxu Jiang, Danghui Lu, Kristian Holgersson, Shan Zhang, Guangyan Shi, Laszlo Szekely, Xue Bai, Yuanpeng Zhai, Xinju Chen, Takahiro Seki, Kun Li Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Research on Anti-tumor Pharmacodynamics of Multi-functional Magnetic Lipid Polymer with Specific Targeted Transmission of siRNA and its Toxicity Evaluation Yaru Liu, Chang Wang, Jie Jin, Jishan Quan, Guangyu Jin Current Pharmaceutical Design.2026; 32(19): 1524. CrossRef
Association Between Multi‐Laboratory Parameters Pre‐ and Post‐Treatment and Pathological Features and Their Values in Clinical Decision in Primary Hepatic Carcinoma Xiaowei Chi, Weifang Liu, Zihan Liu, Jie Liu Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
ENPP2 Dysregulation Defines a Candidate Biomarker Axis Coupling Tumor‐Intrinsic cAMP Signaling to Macrophage Polarization in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Shiyi Chen, Jinli Zheng, Jianwu Long, Peng Ou, Jian Tong, Fan Lin, Shaoqiu Chen Human Mutation.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
SF3B4 stabilizes SREBF1 via 3′UTR binding to drive hepatocellular carcinoma progression Yuan Fang, Dan Wang, Lei Han, Mengge Li, Qiuyue He, WangGan Xu, HaiJing Li, Zhong Zeng, Jie Lin, HanFei Huang Frontiers in Oncology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Comprehensive characterization of SLC41A3 identifies it as an immune-related prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma Biyan Gong, Dunfu Cao, Shidong Hu, Xiangyi Zhou, Leida Zhang, Fengsheng Dai, Jianheng Peng Frontiers in Immunology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Integrated Bioinformatic Analysis Reveals the Oncogenic, Survival, and Prognostic Characteristics of TPX2 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Weibin Zhang, Jia Dong, Yunfei Wu, Xiangnan Liang, Lida Suo, Liming Wang Biochemical Genetics.2025; 63(3): 2650. CrossRef
Exploring the association between air pollution and the incidence of liver cancers Xin Wu, Xin Zhang, Xiaopeng Yu, Hongyuan Liang, Shaoshan Tang, Yao Wang Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety.2025; 290: 117437. CrossRef
α-Fetoprotein model versus Milan criteria in predicting outcomes after hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: multicentre study Chao Li, Yong-Kang Diao, Yi-Fan Li, Shao-Dong Lv, Xian-Ming Wang, Xue-Dong Wang, Qi-Xuan Zheng, Hong Wang, Han Liu, Kong-Ying Lin, Ying-Jian Liang, Ya-Hao Zhou, Wei-Min Gu, Ming-Da Wang, Lan-Qing Yao, Xin-Fei Xu, Jia-Hao Xu, Li-Hui Gu, Timothy M Pawlik, F BJS Open.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
METTL1-driven nucleotide metabolism reprograms the immune microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma: a multi-omics approach for prognostic biomarker discovery Xie Weng, Yangyue Huang, Zhuoya Fu, Xingli Liu, Fuli Xie, Jiale Wang, Qiaohua Zhu, Dayong Zheng Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
MSNs-loaded HMME and Erastin-mediated ferroptosis combined with sonodynamic therapy for HCC treatment Chang Zhao, Guchun Qin, Caixia Ling, Yang Zhao, Yunxi Huang, Zelong Jiang, Niqiang Zhou, Junjie Liu, Danke Su, Jinghang Jiang Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics.2025; 21(2): 465. CrossRef
SNRPB/CCNB1 axis promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression and cisplatin resistance through enhancing lipid metabolism reprogramming Xin Jin, Xigan He, Runze Huang, Qinyu Liu, Lei Wang, Xuanci Bai, Yibin Wu, Yixiu Wang, Ziting Jiang, Yi Shi, Gautam Sethi, Lu Wang, Weiping Zhu Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Preoperative ASAP score predicts recurrence and survival following curative hepatic resection for hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: A multicenter cohort study Dongxu Yin, Zixuan Wang, Chao Li, Huixuan Fan, Zichao Tu, Yongkang Diao, Zijie Tang, Yongyi Zeng, Han Wu, Lihui Gu, Lanqing Yao, Xinfei Xu, Feng Shen, Mingda Wang, Tian Yang European Journal of Surgical Oncology.2025; 51(10): 110361. CrossRef
Artificial intelligence for enhancing decision-making in multidisciplinary tumor boards for HCC in China Dong Li, Haoyu Wang, Fei Gao, Xifeng Fu, Junfeng Han Hepatoma Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Predictive indicators of immune therapy efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma based on neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio Shengzhe Lin, Yang Wang, Xinran Cai, Yunbin Ye, Yanling Chen International Immunopharmacology.2024; 128: 111477. CrossRef
Emerging role of molecular diagnosis and personalized therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma Ming-Da Wang, Yong-Kang Diao, Lan-Qing Yao, Zhong-Qi Fan, Ke-Chun Wang, Han Wu, Li-Hui Gu, Jia-Hao Xu, Chao Li, Guo-Yue Lv, Tian Yang iLIVER.2024; 3(1): 100083. CrossRef
Cell-Membrane-Coated Metal–Organic Framework Nanocarrier Combining Chemodynamic Therapy for the Inhibition of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Proliferation Huaying Xie, Xuhua Xiao, Xiaoyuan Yi, Kunzhao Huang, Liyan Wang Pharmaceutics.2024; 16(5): 619. CrossRef
Apolipoprotein H-based prognostic risk correlates with liver lipid metabolism disorder in patients with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma Yaming Liu, Zeyi Wu, Yiqun Zhao, Maochuan Zhen, Yanhong Wang, Qiusong Liu Heliyon.2024; 10(10): e31412. CrossRef
Clinical significance of LINC02532 in hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma and its regulatory effect on tumor progression Wei Ding, Sujuan Xi, Kewei Gao, Danping Weng, Sheng Xu, Guoping Huang, Min Yu, Haiyan Yue, Jianguo Wang Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology.2024; 48(7): 102403. CrossRef
First
Prev
