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"Gut microbiota"

Original Article

Gut microbiota-mediated berberine metabolism ameliorates cholestatic liver disease by suppressing 5-hydroxytryptamine production
Dianji Tu, Cheng Lu, Junfeng Guo, Qiao Chen, Xin Li, Yingjie Wang, Lulu Cheng, Hongfei Jiang, Jincheng Jian, Yusong Ge, Zhanjie Hou, Xiaojie Feng, Yunxuan Feng, Jianchun Zhou, Yuanyuan Lei, Hua Diao, Lei Ran, Yuanyuan Zhou, Zhengguo Xu, Jiyin Zhou, Bo Tang, Shiming Yang
Clin Mol Hepatol 2026;32(1):221-238.
Published online October 14, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2025.0577
Background/Aims
Cholestatic liver disease (CLD) is a pathological condition characterized by impaired bile formation, secretion, and excretion. However, the key pathophysiological mechanisms of CLD remain elusive, and therapeutic efficacy is unsatisfactory.
Methods
We administered berberine (BBR) or dihydroberberine (dhBBR) in bile duct ligation-, ANIT-, and mdr2-/- CLD mouse models to evaluate the anti-CLD effect. We conducted fecal microbiota transplantation to determine the role of gut microbiota in BBR’s effect. We conducted a randomized, controlled clinical trial to evaluate the effects of BBR in patients with CLD.
Results
Oral BBR alleviates cholestatic liver injury in multiple mouse models. Gut microbes can transform BBR into dhBBR, which suppresses 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) production in gut enterochromaffin cells by antagonizing tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) activity and downregulating Tph1 transcription. This further ameliorates CLD by interrupting the 5-HT/5-HTR axis. A clinical study validated that BBR improved blood biochemical indicators in patients with CLD and decreased 5-HT levels.
Conclusions
BBR is transformed by gut microbiota to ameliorate CLD via inhibiting 5-HT, suggesting potential novel strategies for further clinical use.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Therapeutic modulation of the gut microbiota by traditional Chinese medicine in the management of cholestatic liver injury
    Xiyan Ding, Jiaming Wang, Yicui Wang, Huaming Xu, Yanxin Liu
    Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Impact of co-housing on anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in rats exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress
    Nuerbiya Maimaitiming, Wenwen Zhong, Jing Zhang, Yuanyuan Ma, Huayong Shi, Xingheng Li
    Brain Research Bulletin.2026; 240: 111889.     CrossRef
  • Evodiamine targets ZO-1 to ameliorate cholestatic liver disease: Intestinal homeostasis as the core mediator of gut-liver axis repair and bile acid metabolism remodeling
    Shuxin Yan, Yao Zhang, Qiqi Fan, Wenwen Jia, Yihang Dai, Xinlin Li, Shan Lu, Yuhan Sheng, Shuang Sun, Ruichao Lin, Yang Tang, Chongjun Zhao
    Phytomedicine.2026; 157: 158288.     CrossRef
  • Berberine derivative C51 modulates cGAS-STING-TIM-3 axis to reverse immune evasion and inhibit lung cancer growth
    Yuyan Bao, Bing Hong, Kaiping Liu, Zhenjian Lin, Jie Zhou, Yaping Wu, Senfeng Mou, Yanjie Yu
    Cellular Signalling.2025; : 112258.     CrossRef
  • Serum metabolomics identifies novel prognostic biomarkers in amanita poisoning
    Dan Zhu, Jie Zhong, Yarong Liu, Sicheng Zhang, Lianhong Zou
    Frontiers in Pharmacology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 4,032 View
  • 441 Download
  • 4 Web of Science
  • Crossref

Snapshot

Interventions targeting the gut-liver axis: A potential treatment strategy for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease
Pingping Jin, Xinyi Lu, Daozhen Chen, Yu Chen
Clin Mol Hepatol 2025;31(3):1100-1102.
Published online February 6, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2024.1090

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Probiotic-Derived Strain-Specific Metabolites Ameliorate Metabolic Dysfunction–Associated Steatotic Liver Disease through Modulation of the Gut-Liver Axis
    Sang Jun Yoon, Jieun Choi, Sung-Min Won, Jeong Seok Yu, Hee Young Kim, Hyun Chae Joung, In Gyu Park, Jung A Eom, Sang Hak Han, Do Yup Lee, Ki Tae Suk
    Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins.2026; 18(3): 4353.     CrossRef
  • Scutellaria baicalensis extract prevents metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease by modulating the gut-liver axis in high-fat diet mice
    Liting Ma, Yizhu Wang, Tao Ren, Lijia Pan, Xinze Li, Shen Wang, Dihao Li, Meiyu Zhang, Fangtong Li, Fei Zheng, Hao Yue
    Phytochemistry.2026; 243: 114720.     CrossRef
  • Hypertension and Long-Term Adverse Clinical Outcomes in MASLD: Sensitivity Analyses for Unmeasured or Uncontrolled Confounding
    Guiying Gao, Xiuhong Wang, Ruizhe Huang, Jing Cao
    Journal of Hepatology.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Extracellular Vesicles: Orchestrators of Intrahepatic and Systemic Crosstalk in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease
    Yu Lei, Mei Liu, Xiang Tao
    Pharmaceutics.2026; 18(1): 116.     CrossRef
  • Hydrogel-Based Therapeutic Strategies for Post-Cholecystectomy NAFLD: Targeting Bile Acid Signaling, Gut Microbiota, Inflammation, and Hepatic Fibrosis
    Georgiana-Andreea Marinescu, Alexandra-Daniela Rotaru-Zavaleanu, Emil-Tiberius Trasca, Elena-Irina Caluianu, Oana Taisescu, Andrei Gresita, Madalina Iuliana Musat, Dumitru Radulescu, Razvan Mercut, Citto-Iulian Taisescu
    Gels.2026; 12(2): 179.     CrossRef
  • From liver to gut: the hidden gastrointestinal impact of pediatric metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease
    Gianmario Forcina, Vittoria Frattolillo, Maria De Cesare, Assunta Floriano, Rosamaria Palma, Federica Casamassima, Mario Bartiromo, Pierluigi Marzuillo, Emanuele Miraglia del Giudice, Anna Di Sessa
    Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology.2025; 19(12): 1329.     CrossRef
  • 12,005 View
  • 190 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
  • Crossref

Reviews

Hepatic neoplasm

Gut microbiota-mediated gut-liver axis: a breakthrough point for understanding and treating liver cancer
Chenyang Li, Chujun Cai, Chendong Wang, Xiaoping Chen, Bixiang Zhang, Zhao Huang
Clin Mol Hepatol 2025;31(2):350-381.
Published online December 11, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2024.0857
The trillions of commensal microorganisms living in the gut lumen profoundly influence the physiology and pathophysiology of the liver through a unique gut-liver axis. Disruptions in the gut microbial communities, arising from environmental and genetic factors, can lead to altered microbial metabolism, impaired intestinal barrier and translocation of microbial components to the liver. These alterations collaboratively contribute to the pathogenesis of liver disease, and their continuous impact throughout the disease course plays a critical role in hepatocarcinogenesis. Persistent inflammatory responses, metabolic rearrangements and suppressed immunosurveillance induced by microbial products underlie the pro-carcinogenic mechanisms of gut microbiota. Meanwhile, intrahepatic microbiota derived from the gut also emerges as a novel player in the development and progression of liver cancer. In this review, we first discuss the causes of gut dysbiosis in liver disease, and then specify the pivotal role of gut microbiota in the malignant progression from chronic liver diseases to hepatobiliary cancers. We also delve into the cellular and molecular interactions between microbes and liver cancer microenvironment, aiming to decipher the underlying mechanism for the malignant transition processes. At last, we summarize the current progress in the clinical implications of gut microbiota for liver cancer, shedding light on microbiota-based strategies for liver cancer prevention, diagnosis and therapy.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Probiotic-Derived Strain-Specific Metabolites Ameliorate Metabolic Dysfunction–Associated Steatotic Liver Disease through Modulation of the Gut-Liver Axis
    Sang Jun Yoon, Jieun Choi, Sung-Min Won, Jeong Seok Yu, Hee Young Kim, Hyun Chae Joung, In Gyu Park, Jung A Eom, Sang Hak Han, Do Yup Lee, Ki Tae Suk
    Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins.2026; 18(3): 4353.     CrossRef
  • Global research trends in bacteriophage and gut microbiota: a bibliometric and visual analysis from 2012 to 2025
    Hui-Fang Kuang, Xiong-Yilang Jiang, Song-Yan Tie, Kun Lian, Mu-Yi Hao, Hang Xu, Xiao Huang, Yi Yang, Qian Guo, Jie Li, Ling-Li Chen
    Frontiers in Microbiology.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Cinobufagin as a Potential Intervention Against Liver Cancer—A Comprehensive Review
    Nicole Simone de Lima Coelho, Victória Dogani Rodrigues, Otávio Simões Girotto, Renato César Moretti Júnior, Vítor Engrácia Valenti, Maria Angélica Miglino, Mônica Duarte da Silva, Caio Sérgio Galina Spilla, Ana Luiza Decanini Miranda de Souza, Sandra Mar
    Pharmaceuticals.2026; 19(1): 158.     CrossRef
  • Gut microbial signatures of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma and their potential diagnostic value
    Yan Wang, Zhen Yang, Chuang Liu, Yufeng Liu, Zhongyuan Bai, Wentao Miao, Tiantian Zhang, Yan Wang, Xiang Li, Zhiyong Lai, Jun Xu
    Frontiers in Microbiology.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Exploratory Analysis of Gut Microbiome and Metabolic Profile Changes Following Lenvatinib and Anti-PD-1 Combination Therapy in Liver Cancer
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    Metabolites.2026; 16(2): 97.     CrossRef
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    Man Sun, Dan Zang, Huan Zhou, Yi-Lin Che, Jun Chen
    Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Gut microbiota-mediated oncogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma: a new avenue for therapeutic intervention
    Aswathi Ramesh, Rajasekaran Subbarayan, Dhasarathdev Srinivasan, Ranjith Balakrishnan, Rupendra Shrestha, Ankush Chauhan
    International Journal of Surgery.2026; 112(2): 4725.     CrossRef
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    International Journal of Surgery.2026; 112(2): 3530.     CrossRef
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  • Effects of tacrolimus treatment on the gut microbiota and metabolites in liver transplant recipients
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    Andrea Ballini, Simona Nicole Barile, Alfredo De Rosa, Maria Eleonora Bizzoca, Mariarosaria Boccellino, Salvatore Scacco, Stefania Cantore, Lorenzo Lo Muzio, Francesco Massimo Lasorsa, Roberto Arrigoni
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  • Associations among physical activity, diet, non-lifestyle characteristics and the gut microbiome of cancer patients: A scoping review and network analysis
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    Immunotherapy.2026; 18(3): 223.     CrossRef
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    Almaz Kh. Islamgulov, Azat A. Murtazin, Viktor A. Malievsky, Linara R. Kalmeteva, Dilyara D. Prolygina, Gulshat A. Davletbaeva, Gulnara R. Gazizullina
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    Farzaneh Hasanian-Langroudi, Hessam Yaghmaei, Erfan Soroush, Hamidreza Talifar, Maryam Meskini, Seyed Davar Siadat
    Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Microorganisms.2025; 13(5): 1053.     CrossRef
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    Cancer Medicine.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Microorganisms.2025; 14(1): 73.     CrossRef
  • 14,200 View
  • 464 Download
  • 30 Web of Science
  • Crossref

Steatotic liver disease

Microbiome-centered therapies for the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease
Huma Saeed, Luis Antonio Díaz, Antonio Gil-Gómez, Jeremy Burton, Jasmohan S. Bajaj, Manuel Romero-Gomez, Marco Arrese, Juan Pablo Arab, Mohammad Qasim Khan
Clin Mol Hepatol 2025;31(Suppl):S94-S111.
Published online November 28, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2024.0811
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a significant global health issue, affecting over 30% of the population worldwide due to the rising prevalence of metabolic risk factors such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This spectrum of liver disease ranges from isolated steatosis to more severe forms such as steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Recent studies highlight the role of gut microbiota in MASLD pathogenesis, showing that dysbiosis significantly impacts metabolic health and the progression of liver disease. This review critically evaluates current microbiome-centered therapies in MASLD management, including prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and emerging therapies such as engineered bacteria and bacteriophage therapy. We explore the scientific rationale, clinical evidence, and potential mechanisms by which these interventions influence MASLD. The gut-liver axis is crucial in MASLD, with notable changes in microbiome composition linked to disease progression. For instance, specific microbial profiles and reduced alpha diversity are associated with MASLD severity. Therapeutic strategies targeting the microbiome could modulate disease progression by improving gut permeability, reducing endotoxin-producing bacteria, and altering bile acid metabolism. Although promising, these therapies require further research to fully understand their mechanisms and optimize their efficacy. This review integrates findings from clinical trials and experimental studies, providing a comprehensive overview of microbiome-centered therapies’ potential in managing MASLD. Future research should focus on personalized strategies, utilizing microbiome features, blood metabolites, and customized dietary interventions to enhance the effectiveness of these therapies.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  Crossref logo
  • Probiotic-Derived Strain-Specific Metabolites Ameliorate Metabolic Dysfunction–Associated Steatotic Liver Disease through Modulation of the Gut-Liver Axis
    Sang Jun Yoon, Jieun Choi, Sung-Min Won, Jeong Seok Yu, Hee Young Kim, Hyun Chae Joung, In Gyu Park, Jung A Eom, Sang Hak Han, Do Yup Lee, Ki Tae Suk
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    Jiwen Cheng
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  • Effects of Probiotic and Synbiotic Supplementation on Metabolic and Hepatic Outcomes in Children and Adolescents With Obesity, Including Those With Obesity‐Related Metabolic Dysfunction–Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Anal
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    Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health.2026; 62(5): 678.     CrossRef
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    Eiji Kakazu, Masaaki Mino, Tatsuya Kanto
    Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2026; 32(2): e235.     CrossRef
  • Gut microbiome and metabolic health: mechanisms and precision interventions
    Zhengrui Li, Sudeshna Samui, Ji'an Liu, Yang Yang, Xue Liu, Qingyu Chen, Jing Li, Divya Gopinath, Peng Luo, Dan Shan
    Gut Microbes.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Beom Kyung Kim
    The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Microbial dysbiosis in metabolic disorders: linking epigenomic regulation and pathological mechanisms
    Arun K. Sharma, Md Sayeed Akhtar, Khalid Orayj, Sadaf Farooqui, Abida Khan, Gunjan Sharma
    Drug Discovery Today.2026; 31(4): 104698.     CrossRef
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    Yinan Zhao, Ziyan Li, Guoying Yu
    Frontiers in Nutrition.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Maternal-Infant Gut Microbiota Transmission and the Early Origins of Metabolic Liver Diseases: Mechanisms and Interventional Opportunities
    Xinrui Meng, Xueping Wu, Huihui Sun, Jing Cong, Yuchao Gu
    Nutrition Reviews.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Poonam Sahu, Trilochan Satapathy
    Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Steatotic liver disease

Bioactive metabolites: A clue to the link between MASLD and CKD?
Wen-Ying Chen, Jia-Hui Zhang, Li-Li Chen, Christopher D. Byrne, Giovanni Targher, Liang Luo, Yan Ni, Ming-Hua Zheng, Dan-Qin Sun
Clin Mol Hepatol 2025;31(1):56-73.
Published online October 21, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2024.0782
Metabolites produced as intermediaries or end-products of microbial metabolism provide crucial signals for health and diseases, such as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). These metabolites include products of the bacterial metabolism of dietary substrates, modification of host molecules (such as bile acids [BAs], trimethylamine-N-oxide, and short-chain fatty acids), or products directly derived from bacteria. Recent studies have provided new insights into the association between MASLD and the risk of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD). Furthermore, alterations in microbiota composition and metabolite profiles, notably altered BAs, have been described in studies investigating the association between MASLD and the risk of CKD. This narrative review discusses alterations of specific classes of metabolites, BAs, fructose, vitamin D, and microbiota composition that may be implicated in the link between MASLD and CKD.

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Special topic: Alcoholic liver diseases
The 14th International Symposium on Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis (ISALPDC)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and alcohol-related liver disease: From clinical aspects to pathophysiological insights
Kenichi Ikejima, Kazuyoshi Kon, Shunhei Yamashina
Clin Mol Hepatol 2020;26(4):728-735.
Published online October 1, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2020.0202
Two major causes of steatohepatitis are alcohol and metabolic syndrome. Although the underlying causes of alcoholrelated liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) differ, there are certain similarities in terms of the mode of disease progression and underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Further, excessive alcohol consumption is often seen in patients with metabolic syndrome, and alcoholic hepatitis exacerbation by comorbidity with metabolic syndrome is an emerging clinical problem. There are certain ethnic differences in the development of both NAFLD and ALD. Especially, Asian populations tend to be more susceptible to NAFLD, and genetic polymorphisms in patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing 3 (PNPLA3) play a key role in both NAFLD and ALD. From the viewpoint of pathophysiology, cellular stress responses, including autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, are involved in the development of cellular injury in steatohepatitis. Further, gutderived bacterial products and innate immune responses in the liver most likely play a profound role in the pathogenesis of both ALD and NASH. Though the recent progress in the treatment of viral hepatitis has reduced the prevalence of viral-related development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), non-viral HCC is increasing. Alcohol and metabolic syndrome synergistically exacerbate progression of steatohepatitis, resulting in carcinogenesis. The gut-liver axis is a potential therapeutic and prophylactic target for steatohepatitis and subsequent carcinogenesis.

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