Clinical and Molecular Hepatology

"MRI"

Review Article

Hepatocellular Carcinoma Surveillance: A Health Economic Evaluation: Qi-Feng Chen, Xiong-Ying Jiang, Song Chen, Jiongliang Wang, Ming Zhao; Received September 19, 2025 Accepted January 1, 2026 Published online January 9, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2025.1060 [Accepted]

Abstract
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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) imposes a major health and economic burden worldwide, with disproportionate effects in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Surveillance in high-risk populations, typically using semiannual ultrasound and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) testing, has been shown to be cost-effective by enabling earlier detection and improving survival. Yet, its overall value is reduced by poor adherence and the limited sensitivity of ultrasound, particularly in patients with metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease. Emerging approaches—including abbreviated MRI, multi-biomarker models (e.g., GALAD), and liquid biopsy assays such as methylated DNA markers—demonstrate greater diagnostic accuracy and potential economic advantages compared with conventional methods. Integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into imaging may further enhance efficiency and reduce downstream costs. Moving toward precision surveillance, guided by individualized risk stratification that incorporates etiology, fibrosis stage, and molecular profiles, can optimize allocation of resources and maximize cost-effectiveness at the population level. Interventions to improve adherence, including mailed outreach and behavioral economic incentives, have shown both clinical benefit and cost savings, underscoring the role of implementation science. Because socioeconomic disparities influence both access and outcomes, economic models must explicitly address equity to achieve sustainable impact. Future research should prioritize prospective trials that evaluate not only clinical performance but also the real-world cost-effectiveness of novel technologies and stratified surveillance strategies. For LMICs, adapting proven models into affordable, context-appropriate programs is essential. By combining prevention, precision risk assessment, innovative technologies, and equitable implementation, HCC surveillance can deliver both clinical and economic value, reducing the global burden of disease.

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Research Letter

Non-contrast magnetic resonance imaging outperforms contrast-enhanced computed tomography in preoperative detection of hepatocellular carcinoma: A paired validation study: Laizhu Zhang, Weiwei Zong, Jialin Gao, Huan Li, Leizhou Xia, Xiaoli Mai, Jun Chen, Binghua Li, Decai Yu; Clin Mol Hepatol 2026;32(1):e34-e37.
Published online September 17, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2025.0927

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Original Articles

Non-contrast magnetic resonance imaging for detection of late recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma after curative treatment: a prospective multicenter comparison to contrast-enhanced computed tomography: Dong Wook Kim, Won Chang, So Yeon Kim, Young-Suk Lim, Jonggi Choi, Jungheum Cho, Jin-Wook Kim, Jai Young Cho, Sun Kyung Jeon, Yun Bin Lee, Eun Ju Cho, Su Jong Yu, Kyung-Suk Suh, Kwang-Woong Lee, Dong Ho Lee; Clin Mol Hepatol 2025;31(4):1285-1297.
Published online June 13, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2025.0258

Background/Aims
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) frequently recurs after curative treatment, posing challenges to long-term survival. Although contrast-enhanced multiphasic computed tomography (CECT) is commonly used for detecting recurrence, it is associated with risks such as radiation exposure and contrast agent reactions. This study aimed to compare the diagnostic performance of non-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (NC-MRI) with CECT for detecting recurrent HCC.
Methods
In this prospective multicenter intra-individual head-to-head comparison trial (study identifier: NCT05690451, KCT0006395), participants who had undergone curative treatment for HCC and remained recurrence-free for over two years were enrolled. Each participant underwent three follow-up imaging sessions at 2–6-month intervals using both CECT and NC-MRI. The primary outcome was the detection accuracy of each modality, analyzed using the generalized estimating equation analysis. Secondary outcomes included sensitivity and specificity.
Result
s: The study included 203 participants with a total of 528 paired imaging sessions, identifying recurrent HCC in 22 cases (10.8%). Among these, 21 cases involved intrahepatic recurrence with a median tumor size of 1.3 cm, and one case had aortocaval lymph node metastasis. NC-MRI achieved a detection accuracy of 96.6% (196/203), higher than CECT’s 91.6% (186/203) (P=0.006). NC-MRI also showed greater sensitivity (77.3% [17/22] vs. 36.4% [8/22]; P=0.012), while specificity was comparable between NC-MRI and CECT (98.9% [179/181] vs. 98.3% [178/181]; P=0.999).
Conclusions
NC-MRI demonstrated higher sensitivity and accuracy compared to CECT in detecting recurrent HCC in patients who had been disease-free for over two years following curative treatment, indicating its potential as a preferred imaging modality for this purpose.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Non-contrast magnetic resonance imaging outperforms contrast-enhanced computed tomography in preoperative detection of hepatocellular carcinoma: A paired validation study
Laizhu Zhang, Weiwei Zong, Jialin Gao, Huan Li, Leizhou Xia, Xiaoli Mai, Jun Chen, Binghua Li, Decai Yu
Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2026; 32(1): e34. CrossRef
Performance of GAAD and GALAD Biomarker Panels for HCC Detection in Patients with MASLD or ALD Cirrhosis
Mohammad Jarrah, Sneha Deodhar, Lisa Quirk, Mohammed Al-Hasan, Ashish Sharma, Guruveer Bhamra, Julia Terrell, Fasiha Kanwal, Yujin Hoshida, Nicole E. Rich, Purva Gopal, Amit G. Singal
Cancers.2025; 17(23): 3835. CrossRef

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Steatotic liver disease

Bariatric intervention improves metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis in patients with obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis: Juchul Hwang, Hyeyoung Hwang, Hyunjae Shin, Bo Hyun Kim, Seong Hee Kang, Jeong-Ju Yoo, Mi Young Choi, Dong eun Lee, Dae Won Jun, Yuri Cho; Clin Mol Hepatol 2024;30(3):561-576.
Published online June 3, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2023.0384

Background/Aims
Bariatric intervention has been reported to be an effective way to improve metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in obese individuals. The current systemic review aimed to assess the changes in MRI-determined hepatic proton density fat fraction (MRI-PDFF) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score (NAS) after bariatric surgery or intragastric balloon/gastric banding in MASLD patients with obesity.
Methods
We searched various databases including PubMed, OVID Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library. Primary outcomes were the changes in intrahepatic fat on MRI-PDFF and histologic features of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH).
Result
s: Thirty studies with a total of 3,134 patients were selected for meta-analysis. Bariatric intervention significantly reduced BMI (ratio of means, 0.79) and showed 72% reduction of intrahepatic fat on MRI-PDFF at 6 months after bariatric intervention (ratio of means, 0.28). Eight studies revealed that NAS was reduced by 60% at 3–6 months compared to baseline, 40% at 12–24 months, and 50% at 36–60 months. Nineteen studies revealed that the proportion of patients with steatosis decreased by 44% at 3–6 months, 37% at 12–24 months, and 29% at 36–60 months; lobular inflammation by 36% at 12–24 months and 51% at 36–60 months; ballooning degeneration by 38% at 12–24 months; significant fibrosis (≥F2) by 18% at 12–24 months and by 17% at 36–60 months after intervention.
Conclusions
Bariatric intervention significantly improved MRI-PDFF and histologic features of MASH in patients with obesity. Bariatric intervention might be the effective alternative treatment option for patients with MASLD who do not respond to lifestyle modification or medical treatment.

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Letter to the Editor

Artificial intelligence, epidemiology, methodology, or others

Letter regarding “Evidence-based hyponatremia management in liver disease”: Daphne J. Theodorou, Stavroula J. Theodorou, Ioannis V. Mitselos; Clin Mol Hepatol 2023;29(4):1043-1045.
Published online July 5, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2023.0204

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Correspondence on Letter regarding “Evidence-based hyponatremia management in liver disease”
Ji Young Ryu, Seon Ha Baek, Sejoong Kim
Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2023; 29(4): 1048. CrossRef

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Editorial

Hepatic neoplasm

Surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma: is only ultrasound enough?: Woo Kyoung Jeong; Clin Mol Hepatol 2017;23(3):222-223.
Published online September 19, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2017.0046

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Liver Imagings

Hepatic neoplasm

Intraductal malignant tumors in the liver mimicking cholangiocarcinoma: Imaging features for differential diagnosis: Ah Yeong Kim, Woo Kyoung Jeong; Clin Mol Hepatol 2016;22(1):192-197.
Published online March 28, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2016.22.1.192

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Hepatic neoplasm

Magnetic resonance imaging following treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma with sorafenib: Joon-Il Choi, David K Imagawa, Priya Bhosale, Puneet Bhargava, Temel Tirkes, Tara E Seery, Chandana Lall; Clin Mol Hepatol 2014;20(2):218-222.
Published online June 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2014.20.2.218

Abstract
PDF

Hepatocellular carcinomas are highly vascular tumors, showing progressive hypervascularity by the process of neoangiogenesis. Tumor angiogenesis is critical for tumor growth as well as metastatic spread therefore, imaging and quantification of tumor neo-angiogenesis is essential for monitoring response to targeted therapies and predicting disease progression. Sorafenib is a molecular targeting agent used for treating hypervascular tumors. This drug is now the standard of care in treatment of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Due to its anti-angiogenic and anti-proliferative actions, imaging findings following treatment with Sorafenib are quite distinct when compared to conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Liver MRI is a widely adopted imaging modality for assessing treatment response in hepatocellular carcinoma and imaging features may reflect pathophysiological changes within the tumor. In this mini-review, we will discuss MRI findings after Sorafenib treatment in hepatocellular carcinoma and review the feasibility of MRI as an early biomarker in differentiating responders from non-responders after treatment with molecular targeting agents.

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Angiogenesis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma; Pathophysiology, Targeted Therapy, and Role of Imaging

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Más allá del Li-Rads: Valoración de la respuesta a la terapia sistémica del Hepatocarcinoma
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Perfusion Magnetic Resonance as a Biomarker for Sorafenib-Treated Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Pilot Study
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Multiparametric MR diffusion-weighted imaging for monitoring the ultra-early treatment effect of sorafenib in human hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts
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Advantage of Sorafenib Combined with Radiofrequency Ablation for Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
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Infectious liver disease

Hepatic abscess mimicking hepatocellular carcinoma in a patient with alcoholic liver disease: Jin Woong Kim, Sang Soo Shin, Suk Hee Heo, Hyo Soon Lim, Young Hoe Hur, Jo Heon Kim; Clin Mol Hepatol 2013;19(4):431-434.
Published online December 28, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2013.19.4.431

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Pylephlebitis With Hepatic Abscess Complicating a Case of Acute Pancreatitis in a Young Male: Startling Complication of Intra-Abdominal Sepsis
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MR imaging of hepatic lymphangioma: Woo Jung Choi, Woo Kyoung Jeong, Yongsoo Kim, Jinoo Kim, Ju Yeon Pyo, Young Ha Oh; Korean J Hepatol 2012;18(1):101-104.
Published online March 22, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3350/kjhep.2012.18.1.101

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Case Report

A Case of Liver Abscess Associated with Fascioliasis Diagnosed by MRI: Jung Ho Shon,Kwang Bum Cho,Jae Seok Hwang,Young Woo Kang,Jung Wook Hur,Sung Hoon Ahn,Soong Kook Park; Korean J Hepatol 2001;7(1):90-94.

Abstract
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Fascioliasis is a zoonotic helminthiasis caused by Fasciola hepatica, the sheep liver fluke. Humans are accidental hosts in the life cycle of the parasite. They are infected by the ingestion of water or raw aquatic vegetables contaminated with the metacercaria. The diagnosis of fascioliasis is based on clinical symptoms, absolute eosinophilia, serologic test (ELISA), radiologic finding, and presence of eggs in the feces or duodenal fluid. Recently, some radiologists have been reporting specific findings of fascioliasis by MRI. We report a case of liver abscess associated with fascioliasis diagnosed by MRI.(Korean J Hepatol 2001;7:90-94)

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Original Article

The Clinical Usefulness of SPIO-MRI in Detection and Staging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Kwang Cheol Koh, M.D., Hong Joo Kim, M.D., Won Hyeok Choe, M.D., Gyung Soo Chae, M.D., Moon Seok Choi, M.D., Joon Hyoek Lee, M.D., Seung Woon Paik, M.D., Jong Chul Rhee, M.D. and Kyu Wan Choi, M.D.; Korean J Hepatol 2003;9(1):17-24.

Abstract
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Background/Aims
It is still unclear whether Super Paramagnetic Iron Oxide-Magnetic Resonance Imaging (SPIO-MRI) is a clinically useful imaging modality for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study searched for the clinical usefulness and limitations of SPIO-MRI with respect to tumor detection capacity, false positive and negative rate, and early recurrence rate. Methods: From December 1999 to February 2001, 218 patients who were surgical candidates by 3-phase dynamic helical CT (3dHCT) were enrolled. We reviewed the medical records and radiologic findings, retrospectively, and postulated the post-operative pathologic findings and the early recurrences within 3 months as the standards for the true positive lesion. Results: The mean number of nodules detected by SPIO-MRI was significantly more numerous than that of 3dHCT (p<0.01). Modifications of treatment strategy due to the discordant findings between SPIO-MRI and 3dHCT for tumor resectability were observed in 22 (10.1%) out of 218 patients. Early recurrences were observed in 10 patients (7.8%). The false positive and negative rates of SPIO-MRI were 6.3% and 13.3%, respectively. Conclusions: We demonstrated that the tumor detection rate of SPIO-MRI was better than that of 3dHCT. Given the relatively acceptable false positive and negative rates, SPIO-MRI could be an appropriate preoperative imaging modality for patients with HCCs.(Korean J Hepatol 2002;9:17-24)