ABSTRACT
-
Background/Aims
Vitamin E improves the biochemical profiles and liver histology in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, but the role of vitamin E is not clearly defined in the management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) which includes both simple steatosis and steatohepatitis. Co-morbid metabolic syndrome increases the probability of steatohepatitis in NAFLD. In this study, we aimed to determine the short-term effects of vitamin E and off-treatment durability of response in a propensity-score matched cohort of NAFLD patients with metabolic syndrome.
-
Methods
A retrospective cohort was constructed by retrieving 526 consecutive NAFLD patients from the electronic medical record data warehouse of a tertiary referral hospital in South Korea. Among them, 335 patients (63.7%) had metabolic syndrome and were eligible for vitamin E therapy. In order to assess the effect of vitamin E, propensity score matching was used by matching covariates between control patients (n=250) and patients who received vitamin E (n=85).
-
Results
The PS-matched vitamin E group (n=58) and control group (n=58) exhibited similar baseline metabolic profiles. After 6 months of vitamin E therapy, the mean ALT levels decreased significantly compared to PS-matched control (P<0.01). The changes in metabolic profiles (body weight, lipid and glucose levels) did not differ between control and vitamin E groups during the study period.
-
Conclusions
Short-term vitamin E treatment significantly reduces ALT levels in NAFLD patients with metabolic syndrome, but metabolic profiles are not affected by vitamin E.
-
Keywords: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; Vitamin E; Metabolic syndrome; Propensity score
INTRODUCTION
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common types of chronic liver diseases worldwide.
12 NAFLD encompasses a range of histologic abnormalities from simple steatosis to more severe nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and liver cirrhosis.
34 NAFLD is associated with increased risks of cardiovascular and liver-related mortality,
56 especially in steatohepatitis.
3
Currently, the main strategy for the management of NAFLD is the control of metabolic comorbidities by life style modification
7. Various medications have been tried in the treatment of NAFLD without success, with the exception of pioglitazone and vitamin E.
7 Oxidative stress has been implicated as a major mechanism of disease progression in NAFLD,
8 and vitamin E, a potent antioxidant, may suppress hepatic inflammation by inactivating free radicals and suppressing lipid peroxidation.
91011 Randomized controlled trials showed that vitamin E reduced serum aminotransferase levels and improved lobular inflammation in NASH.
1213 Based on these findings, current guidelines recommend vitamin E for NAFLD patients with steatohepatitis
714. However, liver biopsy is necessary to confirm the presence of steatohepatitis in NAFLD, which is a major obstacle to vitamin E therapy in NAFLD patients. Since presence of metabolic syndrome carried a high risk of steatohepatitis in NAFLD,
151617 it can be speculated that NAFLD patients with metabolic syndrome may benefit from vitamin E therapy. However, the effect of vitamin E in this group has not been studied yet.
The propensity score (PS) is the conditional probability of receiving a certain treatment according to an individual's covariates.
18 PS matching is increasingly being used to balance covariates between 2 groups, reducing the bias in observational studies.
1920 In this study, therefore, we sought to determine the short-term effect of vitamin E and its durability in NAFLD patients with metabolic syndrome by comparison with PS-matched control.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Study population
This was a retrospective cohort study conducted in a tertiary referral hospital (Seoul National University Bundang Hospital) in South Korea. A NAFLD cohort was retrieved from a structured chronic liver disease database that has been maintained since 2003 as part of BESTCare, the electronic medical record (EMR) system developed by our hospital.
21 All consecutive NAFLD patients >18 years old who visited our hospital between May 2003 and December 2013, had elevated baseline alanine aminotransferase (ALT, >40 IU/L) and were followed up for at least 6months were retrieved. The diagnosis of NAFLD was made according to the presence of steatosis on ultrasonography and exclusion of the secondary hepatic fat accumulation.
22 The presence of metabolic syndrome was determined according to the NCEP ATP III criteria,
23 modified by International Diabetes Federation:
24 the presence of three or more of 1) abdominal obesity: waist circumference >90 cm in men and > 80 cm in women; 2) hypertriglyceridemia: serum TG level ≥ 150 mg/dL or drug treatment for elevated TG; 3) low HDL-cholesterol: < 40 mg/dL in men and < 50 mg/dL in women or drug treatment for low HDL-C; 4) high blood pressure: SBP ≥ 130 mmHg and/or DBP≥ 85 mmHg or drug treatment for elevated blood pressure; 5) high fasting glucose (FBS): serum glucose level ≥ 100mg/dL or being under treatment for diabetes. If waist circumference data were not available, central obesity was determined by body mass index (BMI) with the cut-off of 25 on the basis of the Asia-Pacific working party guideline.
25 The exclusion criteria were: 1) other causes of steatosis (i.e., excessive alcohol consumption; steatogenic medications such as amiodarone, methotrexate, tamoxifen, and corticosteroids; parenteral nutrition and pregnancy); 2) other causes of ALT elevation (viral hepatitis, autoimmune liver diseases, toxic hepatitis, hemochromatosis, Wilson disease); 3) comorbidity (generalized inflammatory diseases or advanced malignant diseases); 4) patients on multi-vitamins before visiting outpatient clinic. Excessive alcohol consumption was defined as more than 20 g per day in women, and more than 30 g per day in men for at least 3 consecutive months. Drug and alcohol history was recorded for all patients and anthropometric data, such as height and body weight, were measured through the outpatient clinic. Serum aspartate transaminase (AST), ALT, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), total bilirubin, cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were initially measured and re-assessed every 3 months. Serum insulin level was also measured to determine insulin resistance. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated according to the following formula: fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) × fasting insulin (µU/mL)/405. The NAFLD fibrosis score and AST-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) score were calculated as previously reported.
2627
All NAFLD patients with metabolic syndrome were recommended to follow caloric restriction and increased physical activity during the study period. When ALT levels were not improved after 6-12 months of life style modification, Vitamin E or hepatotonic agents were considered. The final decision on prescription rested on the discretion of 3 attending physicians (ESJ, SHJ, and JWK).
An improvement in ALT level was defined as a decrease to ≤ 40 U/L and by ≥ 30% of the baseline.
13 The institutional review board approved this study (B-1406-256-113).
We used PS matching between vitamin E and control groups to adjust the baseline characteristics of NAFLD. The values for matching parameters were chosen at least 6 months after lifestyle modification. The variables for matching were age, sex, BMI, ALT, AST, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia. Diabetes mellitus was defined as fasting glucose level ≥126 mg/dL. Dyslipidemia was defined as fasting cholesterol level ≥220 mg/dL. PS were estimated non-parametrically using the "MatchIt" function in the R software package. Matching was performed by the nearest neighbor matching method using a caliper width of 0.1 multiplied by the standard deviation for linearly transformed propensity scores (i.e., logit-transformation).
Statistical analysis
All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 21.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Anthropometric, biochemical, and histological variables were categorized as continuous or categorical variables. Continuous and categorical variables were compared between groups using Student t-test and the χ2 test, respectively. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the effects of vitamin E treatment after adjusting for confounders and identifying predictors of vitamin E response. All statistical tests were two-sided. The level of significance was set at P<0.05.
RESULTS
Characteristics of the study population
A total of 2,828 patients with ultrasonographically diagnosed fatty liver were retrieved from the BESTCare database. Among them, 2,302 patients were excluded because of low initial ALT levels (<40 IU/L), short follow-up duration (<6 months) or other exclusion conditions which may affect transaminase levels. Among the remaining 526 NAFLD patients, 335 (63.7%) had metabolic syndrome and were eligible for vitamin E therapy. Two hundred fifty patients were followed without vitamin E, and 85 patients received vitamin E during the study period. Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) was prescribed at an average dosage of 883 IU/day. The mean duration of treatment was 182 days. After exclusion of 3 patients with poor compliance, 82 vitamin E-treated patients and 250 control patients were matched for PS. Finally, 58 matched patients from each group were selected for analysis (
Fig. 1).
Table 1 shows comparison of baseline characteristics between the two groups. Before PS matching, the vitamin E group had younger patients with higher BMI, higher prevalence of diabetes, higher initial levels of ALT, AST, GGT, and APRI score. After PS matching, however, those characteristics became comparable between the two groups.
Effect of vitamin E on transaminase levels in NAFLD patients with metabolic syndrome
During 6-month follow-up period, the mean AST and ALT levels decreased in both control and vitamin E groups. However, the decreases were significantly greater in the vitamin E group than in the control group: AST decreased by 11 and 22 IU/L in control and vitamin E group, respectively (
P<0.05), and ALT decreased by 19 and 59 IU/L in control and vitamin E group, respectively (
P<0.01).(
Fig. 2A).
In vitamin E group, the ALT levels were decreased to 46±34 IU/mL and the AST levels were decreased to 38±17 IU/L after 6 month. In control group, the ALT levels were decreased to 83±54 IU/L and the AST levels were decreased to 51±23 IU/L after 6 month.
The number of patients with ALT levels less than 40 IU/L were 9 (16.1%) and 36 (62.1%) in control and vitamin E group respectively (P<0.01). The number of patients with AST levels less than 40 IU/L were 23 (41.1% ) and 43 (74.1%) in control and vitamin E group respectively (P<0.01).
The proportion of patients with ALT reduction ≥ 30% at 6 months was higher with vitamin E group than with control group (71.4% vs. 28.6%, respectively; P<0.01).
When vitamin E was discontinued, the mean ALT level elevated significantly (
Fig. 2B) and 54% of patients had re-elevation of ALT levels by at least 50% despite continued life style modification.
Among 58 patients taking vitamin E treatment in NAFLD patients with metabolic syndrome, 8 patients (13.8%) were taking 400 IU/day, 50 patients (86.2%) were taking 1,000 IU/day. AST decreased by 17 and 21 IU/L in 400 IU/day and 1,000 IU/day vitamin E group, respectively, and ALT decreased by 52 and 60 IU/L in 400 IU/day and 1,000 IU/day vitamin E group, respectively. The ALT and AST levels were decreased in both group compared to baseline but the changes of ALT and AST levels according to vitamin E daily dosage were not different statistically (
Fig. 3).
Next, we sought to find out whether vitamin E treatment improves metabolic profiles in NAFLD patients with metabolic syndrome. During the 6-month treatment period, vitamin E did not induce significant changes in body weight, fasting serum glucose or lipid levels compared to control (
Table 2).
In the 82 patients treated with vitamin E, no serious complications were observed during vitamin E treatment. Urinary symptoms and prostatic-specific antigen serum levels were regularly checked during the mean follow-up of 37 months from initiation of vitamin E, but the changes of prostatic specific antigen serum levels were no significant differences during vitamin E treatment.
DISCUSSION
Weight reduction by life style modification is the main therapeutic option in NAFLD. In order to reduce hepatic inflammation, however, at least 7-9 % of weight reduction is required,
2829 but only less than half of patients achieves this goal despite dietary counseling and exercise recommendations.
30 Therefore, additional therapeutic strategy should be developed for the optimal management of hepatic inflammation in NAFLD. Vitamin E significantly reduces ALT levels and histologic activity scores in biopsy-proven NASH patients,
12 but currently vitamin E is not indicated in NAFLD patients without histologic confirmation of inflammation. Since comorbid metabolic syndrome in NAFLD strongly predicts presence of NASH,
151617 it is mechanistically probable that NAFLD patients with metabolic syndrome might benefit from vitamin E. However, there have been limited data on the effect of vitamin E in NAFLD.
3132
In this retrospective cohort study, we have shown that vitamin E treatment was significantly associated with improved transaminase levels in NAFLD patients with metabolic syndrome compared to PS-matched control. Since all study patients had been advised to lose weight for at least 6 months before enrollment, our data indicates that vitamin E, in addition to life style modification, promotes improvements of hypertransaminasemia in NAFLD patients with metabolic syndrome.
The mean HOMA-IR values were > 4.65 in our study population, indicating presence of significant insulin resistance.
33 Insulin resistance is not only the main basis of abnormal hepatic lipid metabolism in metabolic syndrome,
30 but also a key component in the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis.
153435 Therefore, our patients with metabolic syndrome have increased probability of having steatohepatitis.
715161734 Because both insulin resistance and steatohepatitis is closely related to oxidative stress,
30363738 vitamin E is believed to reduce ALT levels by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and subsequent oxidative stress in our NAFLD patients with metabolic syndrome.
39
It is an interesting finding that vitamin E had no effect on metabolic profiles in our patients. Our finding suggests that hepatic steatosis may not be improved by vitamin E. This hypothesis is mechanistically relevant because vitamin E may act on downstream of hepatic fatty accumulation. Our results also agree with the findings of the PIVENS
12 and TONIC trials,
31 and explain the ALT rebound following withdrawal of vitamin E in our patients.
The main limitation of this study is that only short-term effects of vitamin E were assessed. Therefore, the long-term efficacy and safety of vitamin E in NAFLD patients with metabolic syndrome remain unknown, and prolonged follow-up studies are needed to assess the effects of vitamin E therapy on the morbidity and mortality of NAFLD patients with metabolic syndrome. Secondly, liver biopsy was performed only in a limited number of study patients, so that the baseline inflammatory activity and fibrosis stage were not known. However, the mean NAFLD fibrosis scores were < -1.455, suggesting that advanced fibrosis may be excluded in our study population.
26 The main focus of this study was to assess the effect of vitamin E in a NAFLD population without knowledge of liver histology. Of course, NAFLD with metabolic syndrome is not completely consistant with NASH but metabolic syndrome is known to a major risk factor in NAFLD patients and liver biopsy always contains limitations such as high cost and complication. So to try a liver biopsy in all NAFLD patients is difficult in real clinical practice. Our results suggest that vitamin E might be considered in NAFLD patients for the purpose of improving hypertransaminasemia without performing liver biopsy if metabolic syndrome is present. Thirdly, patients in this study were taken some kinds of hepatotonic agents and some of them were taken Pioglitazone. Although the proportion of patients taking hepatotonics or pioglitazone was not differtent between two groups statistically, we need more controlled study because drug interactions were not well known. Fourth, this is a retrospective cohort analysis, so that selection bias might be involved in the results of vitamin E effect compared to control NAFLD patients. In order to minimize the selection biases, we enrolled the entire NAFLD patient population using EMR-based data warehouse, and PS matching was used to match baseline characteristics that might influence the transaminase levels of study population. As shown in
Table 1, vitamin E group showed higher BMI and transaminase levels, but these parameters became comparable after successful PS matching. Finally, the present study evaluated the effect of vitamin E on a surrogate marker (i.e., ALT level) only, and the effects of vitamin E on the histology of NAFLD remained unexplored. A reassessment of the PIVENS trial shows that ALT responses significantly correlated with improvement of histologic features in patients with NASH.
13 Thus, it is possible that vitamin E may not only reduce ALT, but also improves histologic findings in NAFLD patients with metabolic syndrome. However, the hypothesis that vitamin E-induced ALT response leads to improvement of histology and the long-term prognosis in this population need to be proved in the further prospective trials.
In conclusion, short-term vitamin E treatment significantly improves abnormal liver enzyme levels in NAFLD patients with metabolic syndrome, but the metabolic profiles are not affected by vitamin E.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) and grant funded by the Korean Government (NRF-2013R1A1A2061509) to J-W Kim.
FOOTNOTES
-
Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts to disclose.
Abbreviations
AST-to-platelet ratio index
electronic medical record
gamma-glutamyltransferase
homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
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Figure 1Flow chart of study algorithm. *Excessive alcohol consumption, steatogenic drug, pregnancy, viral hepatitis, autoimmune liver disease, toxic hepatitis, genetic liver disease, gallstone, thyroid disease, heart failure, malignancies, on vitamins before enrollment. Excessive alcohol consumption was defined as more than 20 g per day in women, and more than 30 g per day in men, for at least 3 consecutive months. Autoimmune liver disease included autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis. PS, propensity score; US, ultrasonography; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Figure 2Changes of serum aminotransferase levels during and after vitamin E treatment in NAFLD patients with metabolic syndrome. Mean values and standard errors of mean are shown for changes in AST and ALT levels relative to baseline over 6 months of life style modification alone (control) or life style modification plus vitamin E therapy (A), and over 6 months of follow-up after cessation of vitamin E therapy (B). NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; AST, aspartate transaminase; ALT, alanine transaminase. *P<0.05; **P<0.01.
Figure 3Changes of serum aminotransferase levels according to vitamin E treatment dose in NAFLD patients with metabolic syndrome. Mean values and standard errors of mean are shown for changes in AST and ALT levels over 6 months of vitamin E treatment (400 IU and 1,000 IU). NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; AST, aspartate transaminase; ALT, alanine transaminase.
Table 1.Baseline characteristics of the study subjects
Table 1.
|
Total population
|
Propensity score-matched population
|
|
Control (n=250) |
Vitamin E (n=82) |
P-value |
Control (n=58) |
Vitamin E (n=58) |
P-value |
|
Age (years) |
55±12 |
51±15 |
0.03 |
54±14 |
53±15 |
0.74 |
|
Male sex (%) |
69 |
73.2 |
0.49 |
66 |
69 |
0.69 |
|
Body weight (kg) |
77±14 |
81±14 |
0.04 |
78±14 |
79±13 |
0.59 |
|
BMI |
27.5±3.2 |
28.5±3.4 |
0.02 |
27.9±3.4 |
28.2±3.3 |
0.57 |
|
Waist circumference (cm) |
93±7 |
96±6 |
0.23 |
92±6 |
94±5 |
0.56 |
|
Hypertension (%) |
53 |
51 |
0.76 |
53 |
50 |
0.71 |
|
HOMA-IR*
|
4.9±2.8 |
5.4±5.6 |
0.53 |
5.5±3.0 |
5.7±6.8 |
0.92 |
|
Diabetes mellitus (%) |
43 |
59 |
0.02 |
53 |
59 |
0.58 |
|
Dyslipidemia (%) |
75 |
63 |
0.05 |
66 |
62 |
0.70 |
|
ALT (U/L) |
61±38 |
118±52 |
0.01 |
99±55 |
106±52 |
0.51 |
|
AST (U/L) |
39±17 |
65±24 |
0.01 |
59±22 |
58±23 |
0.92 |
|
GGT (U/L) |
68±53 |
87±45 |
0.01 |
88±74 |
79±41 |
0.40 |
|
Bilirubin (mg/dL) |
1.0±0.4 |
0.9±0.3 |
0.24 |
0.6±0.4 |
0.6±0.4 |
0.98 |
|
NAFLD fibrosis score†
|
-1.85±1.20 |
-1.75±1.37 |
0.57 |
-1.80±1.33 |
-1.71±1.39 |
0.74 |
|
APRI score‡
|
0.43±0.20 |
0.74±0.32 |
0.01 |
0.61±0.24 |
0.65±0.27 |
0.42 |
Table 2.Changes in body weight and metabolic profiles during 6-month vitamin E treatment in NAFLD patients with metabolic syndrome
Table 2.
|
Changes from baseline
|
P-value |
|
Control |
Vitamin E |
|
Body mass index |
-0.3 (-0.7~0.2) |
-0.3 (-0.6~0.1) |
0.71 |
|
Fasting serum glucose (mg/dL) |
-18.8 (-44.3~6.8) |
-4.3 (-14.4~5.7) |
0.28 |
|
Triglycerides (mg/dL) |
22.1 (-15.9~60.1) |
30.7 (-22.2~83.6) |
0.79 |
|
Low-density lipoprotein (mg/dL) |
-10.9 (-22.1~0.4) |
1.9 (-6.7~10.6) |
0.07 |
|
High-density lipoprotein (mg/dL) |
-1.9 (-5.4~1.6) |
0.9 (-1.2~3.1) |
0.17 |
