1. Kim MY, Baik SK, Suk KT, Yea CJ, Lee IY, Kim JW, et al. Measurement of hepatic venous pressure gradient in liver cirrhosis: relationship with the status of cirrhosis, varices, and ascites in Korea. Korean J Hepatol 2008;14:150-158. 18617762.
3. Baik SK. Assessment and current treatment of portal hypertension. Korean J Hepatol 2005;11:211-217. 16177547.
4. Guturu P, Shah V. New insights into the pathobiology of portal hypertension. Hepatol Res 2009;39:1016-1019. 19796039.
5. Kim MY, Baik SK. Pathophysiology of portal hypertension, what's new? Korean J Gastroenterol 2010;56:129-134. 20847603.
6. Bhathal PS, Grossman HJ. Reduction of the increased portal vascular resistance of the isolated perfused cirrhotic rat liver by vasodilators. J Hepatol 1985;1:325-337. 4056346.
7. Kim MY, Baik SK. Hyperdynamic circulation in patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Korean J Gastroenterol 2009;54:143-148. 19844149.
8. Langer DA, Shah VH. Nitric oxide and portal hypertension: interface of vasoreactivity and angiogenesis. J Hepatol 2006;44:209-216. 16297493.
9. Lee JS, Semela D, Iredale J, Shah VH. Sinusoidal remodeling and angiogenesis: a new function for the liver-specific pericyte? Hepatology 2007;45:817-825. 17326208.
11. Rockey DC, Shah V. Nitric oxide biology and the liver: report of an AASLD research workshop. Hepatology 2004;39:250-257. 14752845.
12. Reinehr RM, Kubitz R, Peters-Regehr T, Bode JG, Häussinger D. Activation of rat hepatic stellate cells in culture is associated with increased sensitivity to endothelin 1. Hepatology 1998;28:1566-1577. 9828221.
13. Shah V, Toruner M, Haddad F, Cadelina G, Papapetropoulos A, Choo K, et al. Impaired endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity associated with enhanced caveolin binding in experimental cirrhosis in the rat. Gastroenterology 1999;117:1222-1228. 10535886.
14. Rockey DC, Chung JJ. Reduced nitric oxide production by endothelial cells in cirrhotic rat liver: endothelial dysfunction in portal hypertension. Gastroenterology 1998;114:344-351. 9453496.
15. Gupta TK, Toruner M, Chung MK, Groszmann RJ. Endothelial dysfunction and decreased production of nitric oxide in the intrahepatic microcirculation of cirrhotic rats. Hepatology 1998;28:926-931. 9755227.
16. Yokomori H, Oda M, Yoshimura K, Nomura M, Wakabayashi G, Kitajima M, et al. Elevated expression of caveolin-1 at protein and mRNA level in human cirrhotic liver: relation with nitric oxide. J Gastroenterol 2003;38:854-860. 14564631.
17. Liu S, Premont RT, Kontos CD, Zhu S, Rockey DC. A crucial role for GRK2 in regulation of endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase function in portal hypertension. Nat Med 2005;11:952-958. 16142243.
18. Dudenhoefer AA, Loureiro-Silva MR, Cadelina GW, Gupta T, Groszmann RJ. Bioactivation of nitroglycerin and vasomotor response to nitric oxide are impaired in cirrhotic rat livers. Hepatology 2002;36:381-385. 12143046.
19. Perri RE, Langer DA, Chatterjee S, Gibbons SJ, Gadgil J, Cao S, et al. Defects in cGMP-PKG pathway contribute to impaired NO-dependent responses in hepatic stellate cells upon activation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006;290:G535-G542. 16269521.
20. Zafra C, Abraldes JG, Turnes J, Berzigotti A, Fernández M, Garca-Pagán JC, et al. Simvastatin enhances hepatic nitric oxide production and decreases the hepatic vascular tone in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2004;126:749-755. 14988829.
21. Friedman SL, Rockey DC, McGuire RF, Maher JJ, Boyles JK, Yamasaki G. Isolated hepatic lipocytes and Kupffer cells from normal human liver: morphological and functional characteristics in primary culture. Hepatology 1992;15:234-243. 1735526.
24. Ceni E, Crabb DW, Foschi M, Mello T, Tarocchi M, Patussi V, et al. Acetaldehyde inhibits PPARgamma via H2O2-mediated c-Abl activation in human hepatic stellate cells. Gastroenterology 2006;131:1235-1252. 17030193.
27. Wiest R, Shah V, Sessa WC, Groszmann RJ. NO overproduction by eNOS precedes hyperdynamic splanchnic circulation in portal hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol 1999;276:G1043-G1051. 10198349.
28. Iwakiri Y, Groszmann RJ. The hyperdynamic circulation of chronic liver diseases: from the patient to the molecule. Hepatology 2006;43(2 Suppl 1):S121-S131. 16447289.
30. Liu H, Ma Z, Lee SS. Contribution of nitric oxide to the pathogenesis of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy in bile duct-ligated rats. Gastroenterology 2000;118:937-944. 10784593.
31. Liu H, Song D, Lee SS. Increased nitric oxide synthase expression in aorta of cirrhotic rats. Life Sci 1999;64:1753-1759. 10353629.
33. Lee FY, Colombato LA, Albillos A, Groszmann RJ. Administration of N omega-nitro-L-arginine ameliorates portal-systemic shunting in portal-hypertensive rats. Gastroenterology 1993;105:1464-1470. 8224649.
34. Urbich C, Dimmeler S. Endothelial progenitor cells: characterization and role in vascular biology. Circ Res 2004;95:343-353. 15321944.
35. Sumanovski LT, Battegay E, Stumm M, van der Kooij M, Sieber CC. Increased angiogenesis in portal hypertensive rats: role of nitric oxide. Hepatology 1999;29:1044-1049. 10094944.
36. Russo FP, Alison MR, Bigger BW, Amofah E, Florou A, Amin F, et al. The bone marrow functionally contributes to liver fibrosis. Gastroenterology 2006;130:1807-1821. 16697743.
37. Fernandez M, Mejias M, Angermayr B, Garcia-Pagan JC, Rodés J, Bosch J. Inhibition of VEGF receptor-2 decreases the development of hyperdynamic splanchnic circulation and portal-systemic collateral vessels in portal hypertensive rats. J Hepatol 2005;43:98-103. 15893841.
38. Fernandez M, Vizzutti F, Garcia-Pagan JC, Rodes J, Bosch J. Anti-VEGF receptor-2 monoclonal antibody prevents portal-systemic collateral vessel formation in portal hypertensive mice. Gastroenterology 2004;126:886-894. 14988842.
39. Mejias M, Garcia-Pras E, Tiani C, Miquel R, Bosch J, Fernandez M. Beneficial effects of sorafenib on splanchnic, intrahepatic, and portocollateral circulations in portal hypertensive and cirrhotic rats. Hepatology 2009;49:1245-1256. 19137587.
41. Blendis L, Wong F. The hyperdynamic circulation in cirrhosis: an overview. Pharmacol Ther 2001;89:221-231. 11516477.
42. Lebrec D, Moreau R. Pathogenesis of portal hypertension. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001;13:309-311. 11338055.
43. Garcia-Tsao G. Portal hypertension. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2003;19:250-258. 15703565.
45. Lee SS, Girod C, Valla D, Geoffroy P, Lebrec D. Effects of pentobarbital sodium anesthesia on splanchnic hemodynamics of normal and portal-hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol 1985;249:G528-G532. 4051000.
46. Vorobioff J, Bredfeldt JE, Groszmann RJ. Hyperdynamic circulation in portal-hypertensive rat model: a primary factor for maintenance of chronic portal hypertension. Am J Physiol 1983;244:G52-G57. 6849394.
47. Goulis J, Armonis A, Patch D, Sabin C, Greenslade L, Burroughs AK. Bacterial infection is independently associated with failure to control bleeding in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Hepatology 1998;27:1207-1212. 9581672.
49. Murray JF, Dawson AM, Sherlock S. Circulatory changes in chronic liver disease. Am J Med 1958;24:358-367. 13520736.
50. Abelmann WH. Hyperdynamic circulation in cirrhosis: a historical perspective. Hepatology 1994;20:1356-1358. 7927272.
51. Baik SK, Lee SS. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy: causes and consequences. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004;19(Suppl 7):S185-S190.
52. Lee SS, Marty J, Mantz J, Samain E, Braillon A, Lebrec D. Desensitization of myocardial beta-adrenergic receptors in cirrhotic rats. Hepatology 1990;12:481-485. 2169452.
53. Ma Z, Meddings JB, Lee SS. Membrane physical properties determine cardiac beta-adrenergic receptor function in cirrhotic rats. Am J Physiol 1994;267:G87-G93. 8048535.
54. Ma Z, Lee SS, Meddings JB. Effects of altered cardiac membrane fluidity on beta-adrenergic receptor signalling in rats with cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. J Hepatol 1997;26:904-912. 9126806.
55. Kim MY, Baik SK. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. Korean J Hepatol 2007;13:20-26. 17380071.
56. Ruiz-del-Arbol L, Urman J, Fernández J, González M, Navasa M, Monescillo A, et al. Systemic, renal, and hepatic hemodynamic derangement in cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Hepatology 2003;38:1210-1218. 14578859.
57. Naritaka Y, Ogawa K, Shimakawa T, Wagatsuma Y, Konno S, Katsube T, et al. Clinical experience of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) and its effects on systemic hemodynamics. Hepatogastroenterology 2004;51:1470-1472. 15362779.
58. Braverman AC, Steiner MA, Picus D, White H. High-output congestive heart failure following transjugular intrahepatic portal-systemic shunting. Chest 1995;107:1467-1469. 7750353.
59. Rayes N, Bechstein WO, Keck H, Blumhardt G, Lohmann R, Neuhaus P. Cause of death after liver transplantation: an analysis of 41 cases in 382 patients. Zentralbl Chir 1995;120:435-438. 7639030.
60. Schrier RW, Arroyo V, Bernardi M, Epstein M, Henriksen JH, Rodés J, et al. Peripheral arterial vasodilation hypothesis: a proposal for the initiation of renal sodium and water retention in cirrhosis. Hepatology 1988;8:1151-1157. 2971015.
61. Arroyo V, Colmenero J. Ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis: pathophysiological basis of therapy and current management. J Hepatol 2003;38(Suppl 1):S69-S89. 12591187.
62. Rodriguez-Roisin R, Roca J, Agusti AG, Mastai R, Wagner PD, Bosch J. Gas exchange and pulmonary vascular reactivity in patients with liver cirrhosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987;135:1085-1092. 3579008.
64. Rodriguez-Roisin R, Krowka MJ, Herve P, Fallon MB. Pulmonary-Hepatic vascular Disorders (PHD). Eur Respir J 2004;24:861-880. 15516683.
65. Fallon MB. Portopulmonary hypertension: new clinical insights and more questions on pathogenesis. Hepatology 2003;37:253-255. 12540774.