ABSTRACT
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Background/Aims
Clinical validation is required to determine whether Doppler measurements are comparable before and after administering ultrasound contrast agent (USCA). The purpose of this study is to explore whether the use of USCA affects spectral Doppler analysis in recipients of liver transplantation (LT).
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Methods
For this study, 36 patients were examined using Doppler ultrasonography (US) along with a contrast-enhanced US for surveillance of vascular complications after LT. The following spectral Doppler US parameters were measured before and after administration of USCA: peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity, resistive index, and systolic acceleration time of the graft hepatic artery; peak flow velocity of the graft portal vein; and peak flow velocity and venous pulsatility index of the graft hepatic vein.
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Results
The mean peak systolic and end-diastolic velocities of the hepatic artery and the peak flow velocity of the portal and hepatic veins were increased after intravenously administration of the USCA, ranging from 10% to 13%. However, the changes were not statistically significant (P=0.097, 0.103, 0.128, and 0.190, respectively). There were no significant differences in other measured parameters, including the resistive index (P=0.205) and systolic acceleration time (P=0.489) of the hepatic artery and venous pulsatility index (P=0.494) of the hepatic vein.
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Conclusions
The measured velocities of graft hepatic vessels tended to increase after administration of USCA, but without statistical significance. The comparison of serial Doppler parameters with or without injection of USCA is valid during Doppler surveillance in recipients of LT.
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Keywords: Doppler shift; Liver transplantation; Microbubbles
INTRODUCTION
Vascular obstruction is a major complication after liver transplantation (LT). Hepatic artery stenosis is the most threatening complication because it can lead to loss of the grafted liver (3–8%) [
1]. Clinical features in recipients with portal and hepatic vein obstructions vary according to the severity of the obstruction. Graft failure is an extreme event reserved for severe cases; and more commonly, vascular obstruction deteriorates postoperative course, by causing elevation of liver enzymes, ascites, abdominal distention, and gastrointestinal bleeding.
Ultrasonography is the initially accessible imaging technique for the evaluation of vascular complications in the early postoperative period and for long-term follow-up [
2-
4]. Doppler sonography is a quick, noninvasive, portable method for assessing the vasculature of a transplanted liver, and the examination can be performed at the patient bedside. Several Doppler parameters are feasible for detecting vascular complications. Recently, the use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) has been increased to evaluate the LT patients. The use of ultrasound contrast agent (USCA) makes grayscale contrast enhancement image similar to that of contrast– enhanced computed tomography (CT) which enables detection of parenchymal perfusion defects, ischemic changes and vascular congestion. Moreover, it boosts Doppler signals and may aid in evaluating the Doppler spectrum in hepatic vasculatures having weak or otherwise undetectable Doppler signals [
5].
The signals from conventional Doppler examination are reflected from red blood cells [
6]. After administering USCA, the signals are enhanced by the microbubbles. The serial follow-up of Doppler parameters in LT patients is important for the diagnosis of vascular complications (such as hepatic artery steal syndrome and portal steal syndrome) and acute cellular rejection. If Doppler parameters are affected by the administration of USCA on serial follow up, the occurrence and deterioration of liver pathology can be masked in postoperative Doppler examination for LT patients using USCA. Clinical validation is required to determine whether Doppler measurements are comparable before and after administering USCA. This study aimed to compare the spectral Doppler velocities and parameters that were measured before and after administering USCA in an immediate postoperative period for recipients of LT.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Subjects
The study was approved by our institutional review board. They agreed to waive informed consent from each the patients for this retrospective study.
A total of 148 patients underwent LT at our institution between January 2009 and April 2009 and were referred to the radiology department for routine postoperative Doppler and CEUS evaluation on the first day after transplantation to check for immediate postoperative vascular complications. Patients who were able to initiate blood flow velocity measurement within 5 minutes of administration of the USCA were included. Patients who did not measure all velocity and Doppler parameters of hepatic artery, portal vein, and hepatic vein before and after USCA administration were excluded. Of them, 36 patients (mean age, 48.8±10.1 years; range, 15–65 years) from whom Doppler spectrograms were obtained before and after intravenous injection of USCA were included. There were 28 males (mean age, 48.8±10.2; range, 15–64 years) and eight females (mean age, 48.8±10.7; range, 30–65 years). Of 36 patients, eight underwent deceased-donor LT, while the remaining underwent living-donor LT using a modified right lobe (n=23), left lobe (n=1), or dual (n=4) grafts. Indications for LT included liver cirrhosis associated with hepatitis B or C virus (n=12), hepatocellular carcinoma (n=15), acute fulminant hepatitis (n=3), primary biliary cirrhosis (n=1), chronic rejection after previous transplantation (n=2), Wilson’s disease (n=1), and alcoholic liver cirrhosis (n=2).
Doppler and CEUS technique
All Doppler and CEUS examinations were performed using an Acuson SequoiaTM 512 machine (Acuson Siemens, Mountain View, CA, USA) with a 1-4-MHz convex transducer. For US examination, patients were placed in the supine position with their heads elevated and right arms abducted. Most examinations were performed by oblique intercostal scanning.
Before administration of USCA, spectral Doppler parameters were evaluated as follows. The peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity, resistive index, and systolic acceleration time were measured at the post-anastomotic graft hepatic artery. The peak flow velocity of the graft portal vein and the peak flow velocity and venous pulsatility index of the graft hepatic vein were measured at an available and reproducible region. All measurements were obtained on waveforms that could be reproduced for at least three consecutive heartbeats. For spectral Doppler sampling, the transmit frequency was 3 MHz and the width of sampling volume was 4 mm-fixed. We set the beam-flow angle between 45° and 60° if possible for measurement of Doppler velocity.
For CEUS, SonoVueTM (Bracco Imaging, Milan, Italy) was used as USCA, the second generation USCA which is licensed clinical indication for liver. SonoVueTM consists of Sulphur hexafluoride encased by a phospholipid, and once prepared, the bubbles remain stable in the vial for several hours. After manually mixing a freeze dried powder bottle of SonoVueTM with 5 mL of saline, the mixture was administered by a bolus injection through the central venous route, followed by flushing with 10 mL of saline.
After intravenous USCA injection, low mechanical index grayscale harmonic imaging was performed to evaluate vascular structures and parenchymal perfusion. Spectral Doppler measurement was then followed to evaluate the same region of the graft vasculatures that had been measured before contrast, with as close to the same beam-flow angle as possible. The time from intravenous USCA administration to the start of spectral Doppler parameter measurements was recorded. The gain settings were adequately adjusted for spectral Doppler measurement before and after administration of USCA.
Statistical analysis
The velocities and indices that were obtained using spectral Doppler imaging of the graft hepatic vasculature (peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity, resistive index, and systolic acceleration time of the graft hepatic artery; peak flow velocity of the graft portal vein; and peak flow velocity and venous pulsatility index of the graft hepatic vein) before and after intravenous administration of USCA were expressed as the mean value ± standard deviation (SD) with difference assessed by the paired t-test. The significance level was set at P <0.05.
RESULTS
A summary of the results is presented in
Table 1. Before administration of USCA, the mean peak systolic and end-diastolic velocities of the graft hepatic artery were 79.0 cm/s (SD, ±45.2 cm/s; range, 20.1–222.0 cm/s) and 23.0 cm/s (SD, ±19.5 cm/s; range, 2.5–109.0 cm/s), respectively. The mean systolic acceleration time and resistive index were 65.3 ms (SD, ±14.4 ms; range, 33–100 ms) and 0.71 (SD, ±0.12; range, 0.47–1.01), respectively. The mean peak flow velocity of the graft portal vein was 74.3 cm/s (SD, ±35.4 cm/s; range, 13.9–193.0 cm/s). The mean peak flow velocity and venous pulsatility index of the graft hepatic vein were 47.0 cm/s (SD, ±22.6 cm/s; range, 13.7–118.0 cm/s) and 0.65 (SD, ±0.41; range, 0.1–1.7), respectively.
After USCA injection, 114–287 s (187.6±37.1 s) were spent evaluating vascular structures and parenchymal perfusion using low mechanical index grayscale harmonic imaging. Spectral Doppler measurement was thereafter initiated.
After administration of USCA, both peak systolic and end-diastolic velocities increased in 22 (61%) patients and decreased in 14 (39%) patients compared with the velocities obtained before USCA injection. The mean peak systolic and mean end-diastolic velocities of the graft hepatic artery after administering USCA were 89.0 cm/s (SD, ±56.0 cm/s; range, 22.9–312.0 cm/s) and 25.2 cm/s (SD, ±22.1 cm/s; range, 3.3–124.0 cm/s), respectively. Both values increased on an average by 13% and 10%, respectively, compared with values that were obtained before USCA injection,; however, the increments were not statistically significant (
P=0.097 and 0.103, respectively) (
Fig. 1A).
Both the systolic acceleration time and resistive index of the graft hepatic artery increased in 23 (64%) patients and decreased in 13 (36%) after administering USCA. The mean systolic acceleration time and resistive index after administration of USCA were 67.6 ms (SD, ±19.7 ms; range, 42–116 ms) and 0.72 (SD, ±0.11; range, 0.54–0.93). The systolic acceleration time increased on an average by 4%, and the resistive index increased by 1% after administering USCA, but neither were statistically significant differences (
P=0.489 and 0.205, respectively) (
Fig. 1B).
The peak flow velocity of the graft portal vein increased in 22 (61%) patients and decreased in 14 (39%) after administering USCA. The mean peak flow velocity after administering USCA was 82.0 cm/s (SD, ±39.3 cm/s; range, 10.7–181.0 cm/s) showing 10% increase compared with that obtained before USCA injection. The difference was not statistically significant (
P=0.128) (
Fig. 1C). The peak flow velocity of the graft hepatic vein increased in 25 (69%) patients and decreased in 11 (31%) after administering USCA. The mean peak flow velocity of the graft hepatic vein after administering USCA was 53.3 cm/s (SD, ±27.8 cm/s: range, 16.4–122.0 cm/s), which is a 13% increase compared with that obtained before USCA injection. The difference was not statistically significant (
P=0.190) (
Fig. 1D).
The venous pulsatility index of the graft hepatic vein increased in 19 (53%) patients and decreased in 17 (47%) after administration of USCA. The mean venous pulsatility index after administering USCA was 0.68 (SD, ±0.41; range, 0.13–1.48), showing 5% increase compared with the value before administering USCA. The difference was not statistically significant (
P=0.494) (
Fig. 1D).
DISCUSSION
We found that although there was a tendency for Doppler velocities in the hepatic artery and portal and hepatic veins to increase after administering USCA, with mean increases of 10–13%, they did not significantly differ from the values that were obtained before USCA. And the calculated Doppler parameters, the resistive index of the graft hepatic artery and venous pulsatility index of graft hepatic vein, were not significantly affected by administering USCA (1% and 5% increments, respectively) nor was the graft hepatic artery systolic acceleration time significantly affected by administering USCA (4% increment).
Whether Doppler velocities change after administering USCA is a controversial topic. According to Forsberg, et al. [
7], after administration of USCA, Doppler velocities increased from 20% to 45% in a rabbit aorta model and 17% in a flow phantom. They supposed that the observed increments in peak velocity measurements represented an artifact that was produced by contrast agents, and this phenomenon was probably related to a strong enhancement of the signal intensity exceeding the dynamic range of their scanner. In a cardiac model reported by Yokoyama, et al. [
8], the Doppler velocity increased by 13% after administration of USCA. In contrast, other experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated that Doppler velocities were not significantly changed after administering USCA with adequate adjustment of the Doppler gain [
9,
10]. Most of the previous studies were conducted using phantom or animal models or evaluated large superficial vessels or intracardiac flow in humans. In this study, we attempted to determine whether measuring Doppler velocities and other parameters is significantly affected by the use of USCA in common clinical settings of postoperative evaluation of recipients of LT.
In the current study, the ranges of the Doppler velocity increments that we documented were wider (–61~270%) than those documented in previous studies. In addition, we frequently encountered a decrease in the Doppler velocities in some patients after administration of USCA, unlike in previous studies. We assumed that the wide range of change in velocity and the finding of velocity decrease in some patients after the use of USCA might have been caused by several confounding factors other than USCA affecting the spectral Doppler velocity measurement. In the clinical setting of performing hepatic Doppler after LT, it may sometimes be difficult to assess the exact direction of blood flow. This difficulty can be encountered, particularly in the case of a small tortuous hepatic artery that may not be traceable on a grayscale image and only discontinuously appears on color flow imaging. Furthermore, if there is a helical or turbulent flow, which is common in the graft portal vein when there is a donor–recipient size discrepancy or mild anastomotic stenosis, the blood flow may not be parallel to the longitudinal axis of the vessels. Also, although Doppler velocity measurements before and after the administration of USCA were performed by the same radiologist in our study, there may have been minute differences in the adequacy of Doppler angle setting between the two examinations. Lastly, exaggerated respiratory motion may have disturbed the stability of Doppler velocity measurement.
In our study, we did not perform the Doppler examination immediately after USCA administration. There was a time lag of 114–287 s, depending on the time spent for the harmonic grayscale enhancement imaging to evaluate the graft vessels and parenchyma. Therefore, a variable degree of metabolic and mechanical breakage of the contrast microbubbles may have occurred before we initiated Doppler measurements, which may have changed the USCA concentration to unknown degree. However, this is unlikely to have caused serious variation in the USCA concentration because the period beginning from 90 s after administering the contrast is hemodynamically classified as an equilibrium phase following a single bolus intravenous injection of the contrast agent [
11]. And, the low mechanical index used for grayscale harmonic imaging would be unlikely to cause much destruction of microbubbles. Nevertheless, the effects of time interval after USCA administration to the changes of USCA concentration and the Doppler frequency shift are not evaluated before, and a further study with strictly controlled scan time after administration of USCA may be meaningful.
There are some limitations in our study. The first is the variable time elapse before post-contrast Doppler velocity measurement as described above. The second is that we did not evaluate inter-observer variability. Doppler assessment is a repeatable method for measuring hepatic blood flow, with stable intra-observer variability [
12]. However, inter-observer variability of Doppler measurements has been reported to range from 0% to 10% [
13,
14]. In the usual clinical setting, postoperative serial follow-up Doppler examinations of recipients of LT are not performed by one examiner, and therefore, Doppler parameters before and after administering USCA could be affected by inter-observer variability. However, all Doppler examinations in our study were performed by one examiner, and the inter-observer variability was not considered.
In conclusion, the measured velocities of graft hepatic vessels tended to increase after administration of USCA in recipients of LT; however, the differences were not statistically significant. The calculated Doppler parameters (resistive index of hepatic artery and venous pulsatility index of hepatic vein) and the systolic acceleration time of the graft hepatic artery were not significantly affected by administration of USCA. Therefore, the comparison of these parameters between the exams performed with or without administering USCA is valid in Doppler surveillance of recipients of LT.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea, funded by the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology (grant 2010- 0021107).
FOOTNOTES
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Author contribution
Study conception and design: Kyoung Won Kim
Acquisition of data: Kyoung Won Kim, Young Seo Cho, Hye Young Jang
Analysis and interpretation of data: Kyoung Won Kim, Young Seo Cho
Drafting of manuscript: Young Seo Cho, Dagvasumberel Munkhbaatar
Critical revision: Kyoung Won Kim, Bo Hyun Kim, Jeongjin Lee, Gi Won Song, Sung Gyu Lee
FOOTNOTES
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Conflicts of Interest:The authors have no conflicts to disclose.
Figure 1.Box-and-whisker plot of the Doppler values of graft hepatic vasculature before and after administration of USCA. (A) The peak systolic velocity and end-diastolic velocity of the hepatic artery before and after administration of USCA. (B) The resistive indices and systolic acceleration time of the hepatic artery before and after administration of USCA. (C) The peak flow velocity of the portal vein before and after administration of USCA. (D) The peak flow velocity and venous pulsatility indices of the hepatic vein before and after administration of USCA. USCA, ultrasound contrast agent; PSV, peak systolic velocity; HA, hepatic artery; EDV, end-diastolic velocity; RI, resistive index; SAT, systolic acceleration time; PFV, peak flow velocity; PV, portal vein; HV, hepatic vein; VPI, venous pulatility index.
Table 1.Differences in mean Doppler values of graft hepatic vasculature before and after administration of USCA
Table 1.
|
Before USCA |
After USCA |
P-value |
|
HA |
|
|
|
|
Peak systolic velocity (cm/s) |
79.0 ± 45.2 |
89.0 ± 56.0 |
0.097 |
|
End-diastolic velocity (cm/s) |
23.0 ± 19.5 |
25.2 ± 22.1 |
0.103 |
|
Resistive index |
0.71 ± 0.12 |
0.72 ± 0.11 |
0.205 |
|
Systolic acceleration time (ms) |
65.3 ± 14.4 |
67.6 ± 19.7 |
0.489 |
|
PV |
|
|
|
|
Peak flow velocity (cm/s) |
74.3 ± 35.4 |
82.0 ± 39.3 |
0.128 |
|
HV |
|
|
|
|
Peak flow velocity (cm/s) |
47.0 ± 22.6 |
53.3 ± 27.8 |
0.190 |
|
Venous pulsatility index |
0.65 ± 0.41 |
0.68 ± 0.41 |
0.494 |
Abbreviations
contrast enhanced ultrasound
ultrasound contrast agent
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