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ALT, alanine aminotransferase; anti-HBe, antibody to hepatitis B virus e antigen; cccDNA, covalently closed circular DNA; HBcAg, hepatitis B virus core antigen; HBeAg, hepatitis B virus e antigen; HBsAg, hepatitis B virus surface antigen; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HBx, hepatitis B virus x protein; LHBs, large hepatitis B virus surface antigen; MHBs, middle-sized hepatitis B virus surface antigen; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; SHBs, small hepatitis B virus surface antigen.